Oncology Flashcards
Hemangiosarcoma
most common primary splenic mass in the dog GSD most common
malignant tumour of the blood vessels
high metastasis to lungs/liver/nodes etc
surgical removal is primary treatment
What is the most common splenic disease in the cat
Splenic Mast Cell Tumour
Presentation of haemangiosarcoma
Incidental abdominal mass
lethargy
cough - metastatic
acute emergency - respiratory collapse
Blood smear sign of neoplasia
degenerate/broken erythrocytes
surgical consideration for splenic tumour removal
take out the whole spleen, very straightforward, just lots of ligation
may require transfusion
poor prognosis with thrombocytopaenia, PCV<30 and intra-operative arrythmias
Splenic torsion
commonly seen in GDV
large/giant breeds are common
cs - abdo pain, collapse, pallor, tachydysrhythmias
can be chronic
treatment - splenectomy
classification of lymphomas
alimentary - B-cell - better prognosis
multicentric - T-cell - 80% of lymphomas
mediastinal - high grade - poorer prognosis
extra-nodal - low grade
Lymphomas in cats
multicentric associated with FeLV
extranodal more common
Diagnosis of lymphoma
FNa
Trucut biopsy - large samples
Excisional/incisional biopsy
points of care with lymphoma
not all owners want to treat
drugs in mg/m2 not mg/kg
monitor for side effects
can get very expensive
staging of lympoma
1 - single lymph node affected
2- multiple nodes
3 - generalised lymphadenopathy
4 - liver and/or splenic involvement
5 - bone marrow or blood involvement and/or any non lymphoid organ
substage a - without clinical signs, b with clinical signs
factors affecting prognosis
clinical stage - high reduces survival
t-cell reduces survival
hypercalcaemia - negative prognosis
anaemia - wont respond
treatment options for lymphoma
none
single drug - prednisolone/doxorubin
multi drug - cop/chop
radiation
what drugs are in CHOP
C = cyclophosphamide
H = doxorubicin
O = vincristine
P = prednisolone
types of tumour
epithelial
mesenchymal
round cell
epithelial tumours
agressive metastasising epithelial cells
locally invasive with inflammation
examples; papilloma, squamous cell, transitional cell, adenoma, adenocarcinoma
Mesenchymal tumours
can spread in blood vessels, extend tendrils into surrounding tissue
examples; fibroma/fibrosarcoma, osteoma/osteosarcoma, haemangioma/haemangiosarcoma, Lipoma/liposarcoma, chondroma/chondrosarcoma
Round cell tumours
all immune cells
examples; lymphoma, mast cell tumours, plasma cell tumour, histiocytic sarcoma
treatment - chemo
features of higher grade tumours
higher mitotic rate
poorly differentiated cells
local invasion
necrosis
nuclear/cellular atypia
What does TMN mean
tumour
Lymph Node
distant metastasis
soft tissue sarcoma grading
1 - superficial small low-intermediate tumours without mets
2 - superficial large/ or deep tumours with no nodal/distant mets
3 - large and deep tumours without mets
4 - any tumour with nodal/distant mets
Types of excision
radical - entire compartment eg limb
curative intent - 2-3cm margin
marginal - removing all within the pseudocapsule
cytoreductive - removing bulk within pseudocapsule
pathophysiology of neoplasia
functional - pain, compression, obstruction,
bleeding
infection - necrosis
effusions
paraneoplastic syndromes - hypercalcaemia, hyperviscosity, hormones
what is hyperviscosity
thickening of the blood with leukaemia leading to poor perfusion and caused by excess blood proteins
how to perform an fna
dont scrub
spray with surgical spirit
insert needle and redirect around lump
aspirate onto slide
