Oncology

Question 1

Hemangiosarcoma

Answer 1

most common primary splenic mass in the dog GSD most common
malignant tumour of the blood vessels
high metastasis to lungs/liver/nodes etc
surgical removal is primary treatment

Question 2

What is the most common splenic disease in the cat

Answer 2

Splenic Mast Cell Tumour

Question 3

Presentation of haemangiosarcoma

Answer 3

Incidental abdominal mass
lethargy
cough - metastatic
acute emergency - respiratory collapse

Question 4

Blood smear sign of neoplasia

Answer 4

degenerate/broken erythrocytes

Question 5

surgical consideration for splenic tumour removal

Answer 5

take out the whole spleen, very straightforward, just lots of ligation
may require transfusion
poor prognosis with thrombocytopaenia, PCV<30 and intra-operative arrythmias

Question 6

Splenic torsion

Answer 6

commonly seen in GDV
large/giant breeds are common
cs - abdo pain, collapse, pallor, tachydysrhythmias
can be chronic
treatment - splenectomy

Question 7

classification of lymphomas

Answer 7

alimentary - B-cell - better prognosis
multicentric - T-cell - 80% of lymphomas
mediastinal - high grade - poorer prognosis
extra-nodal - low grade

Question 8

Lymphomas in cats

Answer 8

multicentric associated with FeLV
extranodal more common

Question 9

Diagnosis of lymphoma

Answer 9

FNa
Trucut biopsy - large samples
Excisional/incisional biopsy

Question 10

points of care with lymphoma

Answer 10

not all owners want to treat
drugs in mg/m2 not mg/kg
monitor for side effects
can get very expensive

Question 11

staging of lympoma

Answer 11

1 - single lymph node affected
2- multiple nodes
3 - generalised lymphadenopathy
4 - liver and/or splenic involvement
5 - bone marrow or blood involvement and/or any non lymphoid organ
substage a - without clinical signs, b with clinical signs

Question 12

factors affecting prognosis

Answer 12

clinical stage - high reduces survival
t-cell reduces survival
hypercalcaemia - negative prognosis
anaemia - wont respond

Question 13

treatment options for lymphoma

Answer 13

none
single drug - prednisolone/doxorubin
multi drug - cop/chop
radiation

Question 14

what drugs are in CHOP

Answer 14

C = cyclophosphamide
H = doxorubicin
O = vincristine
P = prednisolone

Question 15

types of tumour

Answer 15

epithelial
mesenchymal
round cell

Question 16

epithelial tumours

Answer 16

agressive metastasising epithelial cells
locally invasive with inflammation
examples; papilloma, squamous cell, transitional cell, adenoma, adenocarcinoma

Question 17

Mesenchymal tumours

Answer 17

can spread in blood vessels, extend tendrils into surrounding tissue
examples; fibroma/fibrosarcoma, osteoma/osteosarcoma, haemangioma/haemangiosarcoma, Lipoma/liposarcoma, chondroma/chondrosarcoma

Question 18

Round cell tumours

Answer 18

all immune cells
examples; lymphoma, mast cell tumours, plasma cell tumour, histiocytic sarcoma
treatment - chemo

Question 19

features of higher grade tumours

Answer 19

higher mitotic rate
poorly differentiated cells
local invasion
necrosis
nuclear/cellular atypia

Question 20

What does TMN mean

Answer 20

tumour
Lymph Node
distant metastasis

Question 21

soft tissue sarcoma grading

Answer 21

1 - superficial small low-intermediate tumours without mets
2 - superficial large/ or deep tumours with no nodal/distant mets
3 - large and deep tumours without mets
4 - any tumour with nodal/distant mets

Question 22

Types of excision

Answer 22

radical - entire compartment eg limb
curative intent - 2-3cm margin
marginal - removing all within the pseudocapsule
cytoreductive - removing bulk within pseudocapsule

Question 23

pathophysiology of neoplasia

Answer 23

functional - pain, compression, obstruction,
bleeding
infection - necrosis
effusions
paraneoplastic syndromes - hypercalcaemia, hyperviscosity, hormones

Question 24

what is hyperviscosity

Answer 24

thickening of the blood with leukaemia leading to poor perfusion and caused by excess blood proteins

Question 25

how to perform an fna

Answer 25

dont scrub
spray with surgical spirit
insert needle and redirect around lump
aspirate onto slide