Reproduction

Question 1

What protein is responsible for ensuring that a cell goes into arrest until its DNA is repaired ?

Answer 1

p53

Question 2

What is the difference between Meiosis I & II (in terms of name) ?

Answer 2

I: reductional division
II: equational division

Question 3

Mendel’s 2nd law of independent assortment states what ?

Answer 3

That the inheritance of one allele is independent (has no effect) of inheriting alleles for other genes

Question 4

Mendel’s 1st law of segregation states what ?

Answer 4

That the disjunction of homologs is random in respect to which daughter cell inherits them.

Question 5

The transcription factor on the Y chromosome that codes for testis differentiation & gonad formation is known as ?

Answer 5

SRY gene

Question 6

What is the process & function of sperm development & expellment ?

Answer 6

1. Testes (located in the scrotum): primitive gonads
   - Seminiferous tubules: sperm produced & nourished by sertoli cells
   - interstitial cells of Leydig Sperm: secrete testosterone & other androgens
2. Epididymis: sperm flagella gain motility & are stored until ejaculation
3. Vas deferens: sperm travel through during ejaculation
4. Ejaculatory duct:s (2) where sperm land & fuse together to form urethra
5. Urethra: carries sperm through penis

Question 7

How is seminal fluid produced ?

Answer 7

Seminal vesicles: contribute fructose to nourish sperm & give mildly alkaline properties
Prostate gland: work w/ SV to give fluid alkaline properties
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland: produce clear viscous fluid that cleans out remnants of urine & lubricates urethra during sexual arousal

*sperm + seminal fluid = semen

Question 8

What are the properties and functions of spermatogenesis ?

Answer 8

1. Spermatogonia: diploid stem cells
2. Primary spermatocytes: after S stage (diploid)
3. Secondary spermatocytes: after 1st mitotic division (haploid)
4. Spermatids: after MII (haploid)
5. Spermatozoa: mature spermatids

Question 9

What is the process of expellment of an ova from the ovaries ?

Answer 9

1. Peritoneal sac: egg ovulated here from ovaries (in pelvic cavity)
2. Fallopian tube: lined w/ cilia to propel egg forward
3. Uterus: site of fetal development
4. Cervix: connects vaginal canal where sperm are deposited

Question 10

What is the process & function of oogenesis ?

Answer 10

1. Primary oocytes: established since birth & have already undergone DNA replication (arrested in PI until menstruation starts)
2. Secondary oocyte: produced after MI (arrested in MII until fertilization occurs)
3. Polar body: produced after MI, but has little to no supply of cytoplasm

Question 11

What 2 layers surround oocytes & what are their functions ?

Answer 11

Zona pellucida: protect oocyte & contain compounds necessary for sperm cell binding
Corona radiata: adheres to oocyte during ovulation

Question 12

Once puberty starts, the hypothalamus triggers which hormones ?

Answer 12

GnRH, which then triggers the anterior pituitary to release FSH & LH

Question 13

What is secreted in response to FSH & LH in the female reproductive system ?

Answer 13

Estrogen & Progesterone

*Essential for developing an endometrium capable enough to hold a zygote

Question 14

What are the different phases & functions of the menstrual cycle ?

Answer 14

Follicular Phase: when menstrual flow starts (sheds uterine lining)
Ovulation: induced by spike in LH
Luteal phase: estrogen & progesterone being reforming endometrium lining