Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What are the 2 pumps of the heart?
Pulmonary circulation: right side of heart accepts deoxygenated blood from body & moves it to lungs via pulmonary arteries
Systemic circulation: left side of heart receives oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary veins, & forces it out to body thorough aorta
Parts of the heart & blood flow
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Where does impulse initiation occur in the heart ?
SA node (sinoatrial) [60-100 signals per minute w/o requiring any neurological input]
- located in the wall of the right atrium
- normal heart rate: 60-100 bpm
Fill in the blanks: Atrial systole (contraction) results in an increase in _____ ______ that forces a little more blood into the _______.
atrial pressure, ventricles (respectively)
*additional volume of blood = atrial kick
From the SA node, the signal will travel to the node that sits @ the junction of the atria & ventricles known as ?
AV node (atrioventricular) [signal delayed here to allow ventricles to fill up before they contract]
Where does the signal travel after reaching the AV node ?
Bundle of His (imbedded in interventricular septum) & Purkinje fibers (distribute electrical signal through ventricular muscle)
What occurs during systole ?
Ventricular contraction & closure of AV valves
Blood is pumped out of the ventricles
What occurs during diastole ?
Ventricles are relaxed, semilunar valves are closed, & blood from atria fills ventricles
The total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minutes is known as?
Cardiac output
All blood vessels are lined w/ what type of cells ?
Endothelial cells
Release chemicals to aid in vasoconstriction & vasodilation
Which 2 arteries carry deoxygenated blood & which 2 veins carry oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary & Umbilical arteries
Pulmonary & Umbilical veins
What are the different portal systems of the body that blood will pass through 2 capillary beds in series before returning to the heart ?
Hepatic ps: blood leaving capillary beds in walls of gut passes through hepatic portal vein before reaching capillary beds in liver
Hypophyseal ps: blood leaving cb in hypothalamus travels to cb in anterior pituitary to allow for paracrine secretion of releasing hormones
Renal ps: blood leaving glomerulus travels through efferent arteriole before surrounding nephron in a capillary network (vasa recta)
What are the liquid and cellular portions of blood known as respectively ?
Plasma
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, & platelets
(55% plasma, 45% cells)
What molecules do erythrocytes have that aid in oxygen transport ?
Hemoglobin (each can bind 4 molecules of oxygen)
Norm Male: 13.5-17.5 g/dL
Norm Fem: 12-16 g/dL
Which leukocytes are categorized as granulocytes & agranulocytes ?
Gran: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
Agran: lymphocytes & monocytes (renamed macrophages as they leave the bloodstream & enter organ)
The production of platelets & blood cells is called ?
Hematopoiesis
- Erythropoietin: triggers blood cell formation
- Thrombopoietin: triggers platelet development
What hormone aids in the loss of salt within the nephron ?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Acts as natural diuretic
The percentage of hemoglobin molecules carrying oxygen is known as ?
Oxygen saturation (healthy = above 97)
The force per unit area that blood exerts against the vessel walls is known as ?
Hydrostatic pressure
Thin walls of capillaries allows for easy diffusion of what ?
Gases (O2 & CO2)
Nutrients (glucose & etc)
Wastes (NH3, urea, etc)
What are the functional differences between arteries & veins ?
Arteries are thicker & have more resistance to blood flow in comparison to veins
Higher pressure required to over resistance in arteries
A measure of how much of the blood sample consists of RBCs in % is known as ?
Hematocrit
Normal Fem: 36-46%
Normal Male: 41%-53%
The binding or releasing of O2 to a iron group in a heme molecule is what kind of rxn ?
Redox
Which enzyme catalyzes the rxn of CO2 & H2O to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) ?
Carbonic Anhydrase
What does the Bohr effect encompass ?
Hemoglobin’s decreased affinity for O2 due to a decrease in pH caused by an increase in CO2
Ex: exercise
How do fetal & adult hemoglobin differ ?
HbF > HbA affinity for oxygen
Pulls off og maternal Hb
Due to most of osmotic pressure within the vessels being attributed to plasma proteins it is usually called what ?
Oncotic Pressure
Accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitium is a condition known as ?
Edema
What is the endpoint of the coagulation cascade ?
Activation of prothrombin to form thrombin by thromboplastin
Thromobin then converts fibrinogen into fibrin (forms stable clot over damage)
How is a blood clot broken down ?
By plasmin
