Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What are the 2 pumps of the heart?

Answer 1

Pulmonary circulation: right side of heart accepts deoxygenated blood from body & moves it to lungs via pulmonary arteries
Systemic circulation: left side of heart receives oxygenated blood from lungs via pulmonary veins, & forces it out to body thorough aorta

Question 2

Parts of the heart & blood flow

Answer 2

Refer to video of choice! :)

*MUST ANSWER OUT LOUD!

Question 3

Where does impulse initiation occur in the heart ?

Answer 3

SA node (sinoatrial) [60-100 signals per minute w/o requiring any neurological input]

• located in the wall of the right atrium
• normal heart rate: 60-100 bpm

Question 4

Fill in the blanks: Atrial systole (contraction) results in an increase in _____ ______ that forces a little more blood into the _______.

Answer 4

atrial pressure, ventricles (respectively)

*additional volume of blood = atrial kick

Question 5

From the SA node, the signal will travel to the node that sits @ the junction of the atria & ventricles known as ?

Answer 5

AV node (atrioventricular) [signal delayed here to allow ventricles to fill up before they contract]

Question 6

Where does the signal travel after reaching the AV node ?

Answer 6

Bundle of His (imbedded in interventricular septum) & Purkinje fibers (distribute electrical signal through ventricular muscle)

Question 7

What occurs during systole ?

Answer 7

Ventricular contraction & closure of AV valves

Blood is pumped out of the ventricles

Question 8

What occurs during diastole ?

Answer 8

Ventricles are relaxed, semilunar valves are closed, & blood from atria fills ventricles

Question 9

The total blood volume pumped by a ventricle in a minutes is known as?

Answer 9

Cardiac output

Question 10

All blood vessels are lined w/ what type of cells ?

Answer 10

Endothelial cells

Release chemicals to aid in vasoconstriction & vasodilation

Question 11

Which 2 arteries carry deoxygenated blood & which 2 veins carry oxygenated blood?

Answer 11

Pulmonary & Umbilical arteries

Pulmonary & Umbilical veins

Question 12

What are the different portal systems of the body that blood will pass through 2 capillary beds in series before returning to the heart ?

Answer 12

Hepatic ps: blood leaving capillary beds in walls of gut passes through hepatic portal vein before reaching capillary beds in liver

Hypophyseal ps: blood leaving cb in hypothalamus travels to cb in anterior pituitary to allow for paracrine secretion of releasing hormones

Renal ps: blood leaving glomerulus travels through efferent arteriole before surrounding nephron in a capillary network (vasa recta)

Question 13

What are the liquid and cellular portions of blood known as respectively ?

Answer 13

Plasma
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, & platelets
(55% plasma, 45% cells)

Question 14

What molecules do erythrocytes have that aid in oxygen transport ?

Answer 14

Hemoglobin (each can bind 4 molecules of oxygen)
Norm Male: 13.5-17.5 g/dL
Norm Fem: 12-16 g/dL

Question 15

Which leukocytes are categorized as granulocytes & agranulocytes ?

Answer 15

Gran: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
Agran: lymphocytes & monocytes (renamed macrophages as they leave the bloodstream & enter organ)

Question 15

The production of platelets & blood cells is called ?

Answer 15

Hematopoiesis

• Erythropoietin: triggers blood cell formation
• Thrombopoietin: triggers platelet development

Question 16

What hormone aids in the loss of salt within the nephron ?

Answer 16

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Acts as natural diuretic

Question 17

The percentage of hemoglobin molecules carrying oxygen is known as ?

Answer 17

Oxygen saturation (healthy = above 97)

Question 18

The force per unit area that blood exerts against the vessel walls is known as ?

Answer 18

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 19

Thin walls of capillaries allows for easy diffusion of what ?

Answer 19

Gases (O2 & CO2)
Nutrients (glucose & etc)
Wastes (NH3, urea, etc)

Question 20

What are the functional differences between arteries & veins ?

Answer 20

Arteries are thicker & have more resistance to blood flow in comparison to veins
Higher pressure required to over resistance in arteries

Question 21

A measure of how much of the blood sample consists of RBCs in % is known as ?

Answer 21

Hematocrit
Normal Fem: 36-46%
Normal Male: 41%-53%

Question 22

The binding or releasing of O2 to a iron group in a heme molecule is what kind of rxn ?

Answer 22

Redox

Question 23

Which enzyme catalyzes the rxn of CO2 & H2O to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) ?

Answer 23

Carbonic Anhydrase

Question 24

What does the Bohr effect encompass ?

Answer 24

Hemoglobin’s decreased affinity for O2 due to a decrease in pH caused by an increase in CO2

Ex: exercise

Question 25

How do fetal & adult hemoglobin differ ?

Answer 25

HbF > HbA affinity for oxygen

Pulls off og maternal Hb

Question 26

Due to most of osmotic pressure within the vessels being attributed to plasma proteins it is usually called what ?

Answer 26

Oncotic Pressure

Question 27

Accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitium is a condition known as ?

Answer 27

Edema

Question 28

What is the endpoint of the coagulation cascade ?

Answer 28

Activation of prothrombin to form thrombin by thromboplastin

Thromobin then converts fibrinogen into fibrin (forms stable clot over damage)

Question 29

How is a blood clot broken down ?

Answer 29

By plasmin