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Biology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the order & pathway of the digestive system ?

A
  1. Oral cavity (mouth)
  2. Pharynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small intestine
  6. Large intestine
  7. Rectum
    * Salivary glands, pancreas, liver, & gallbladder aid in this process
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2
Q

A collection of 1 hundred million neurons that govern the function of the gastrointestinal system is known as ?

A

Enteric nervous system

*Peristalsis triggered = rhythmic contractions of the gut

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3
Q

The process of mechanical digestion is known as ?

A

Mastication (chewing)

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4
Q

What are the different components & functions of saliva ?

A

Salivary amylase (Ptyalin): hydrolyzes starch into smaller sugars
Lipase: catalyzes hydrolysis of lipids
*Tongue forms bolus

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5
Q

What are the 3 components of the pharynx ?

A
  1. Nasopharynx: behind nasal cavity
  2. Oropharynx: back of the mouth
  3. Laryngopharynx: above vocal cords
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6
Q

How is food prevented from entering the larynx when passing through the pharynx ?

A

By the epiglottis

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7
Q

The rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle that propels food forward toward the stomach is called what ?

A

Peristalsis

*Reverse process = emesis (vomiting) 🤮

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8
Q

What constitutes the upper esophageal sphincter ?

A

The muscles of the oropharynx (initiate swallowing)

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9
Q

What constitutes the lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) ?

A

Muscular ring that relaxes & allows passage of the bolus

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10
Q

What are the 4 main anatomical divisions of the stomach ?

A
  1. Fundus + body: contain mostly gastric glands

2. Antrum + pylorus: contain mostly pyloric glands

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11
Q

The functions of gastric glands mainly consist of ?

A

Respond to signals from vagus nerve of parasympathetic NS

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12
Q

What are the 3 different cell types of the gastric glands ?

A

Mucosal: produce bicarbonate-rich mucus that protects the muscular wall from harsh acidic & proteolytic environment
Chief: secrete pepsinogen (zymogen of pepsin)
Parietal: as HCL, cleave pepsinogen into pepsin (digest proteins by cleaving peptide bonds); also secrete intrinsic factor (glycoprotein involved in absorption of B12)

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13
Q

What does pyloric glands contain ?

A

G cells: secrete gastrin (induces parietal cells to secrete more HCl & signal for stomach to contract)

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14
Q

The digestion of solid food in the stomach results in an acidic semifluid mixture known as ?

A

Chyme

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15
Q

Enzymes present on the surface of the duodenum that function to break down dimers & trimers of biomolecules into absorbable monomers is known as ?

A

Brush-border enzymes

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16
Q

What are the different types of peptidases & what are their functions ?

A

Aminopeptidases: cleave N-terminus from peptides
Dipeptidase: cleaves peptide bonds of dipeptides to free amino acids
Enteropeptidase: critical for activation of trypsinogen to trypsin (pancreatic protease)

17
Q

Which peptide hormone causes for pancreatic enzymes to be released into the duodenum ?

A

Secretin

*Enterogastrone: slows motility through digestive tract

18
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted in response to chyme in the duodenum. This peptide hormone then stimulates the secretion of bile & pancreatic juices. What are the functions of bile & pancreatic juices ?

A
  • It is composed of bile salts, pigments, & cholesterol
  • Bile salts are derived from cholesterol & play an important role in mechanical digestion of fats & chemical digestion of lipids; emulsify (mixes) fats & cholesterols into micelles (aggregates)
  • complex mixture of several enzymes in a bicarbonate-rich alkaline solution
  • aids in neutralizing chyme & providing ideal environment for digestion enzymes
19
Q

The exocrine cells that produce pancreatic juices & compose the bulk of the pancreas & produce pancreatic enzymes is known as ?

A

Acinar cells

*Secrete products into major & minor duodenal papillae (empty intp duodenum)

20
Q

What connects the liver with both the small intestine & gallbladder ?

A

Bile ducts

21
Q

The liver takes up excess sugar to create what ?

A

Glycogen:: storage form of glucose

*Also stores fats as triacylglycerols

22
Q

What is the major pigment of bile ?

A

Bilirubin: byproduct of the breakdown of hemoglobin

23
Q

What does the small intestine consist of ?

A
  1. Duodenum: primarily involved in digestion

2. Jejunum + Ileum: primarily involved in absorption of nutrients

24
Q

What are the 4 fat-soluble vitamins ?

A

A, K, E, D

*Everything else = water soluble

25
Q

The large intestine is primarily involved in ?

A

H2O absorption

26
Q

What are the components of the large intestine ?

A

Cecum: accepts fluid from small intestine through ileocecal valve & is site of attachment of appendix

Colon: absorb H2O & salts from undigested material; concentrates remaining material to form feces

Rectum: anus (internal & external sphincters)

27
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for the hydrolysis of the C-terminal on peptide bonds, aiding in the digestion of proteins ?

A

Carboxypeptidases

28
Q

Which enzyme cleaves the peptide bond @ the N-terminal, & aids in the digestion of proteins ?

A

Chymotrypsin

29
Q

Which hormone (enzyme) causes for contraction of the gallbladder ?

A

Cholecystokinin

30
Q

Which enzyme activates pancreatic digestive enzymes ?

A

Enteropeptidase

31
Q

What enzymes do each region of the digestive system produce ?

A

Mouth: amylase, lipase
Stomach: Pepsin
Pancreas: Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases A & B, amylase, lipase
Gallbladder: Bile micelles
Small intestine: dipeptidases, aminopeptidases, sucrase, lactase, maltase, isomaltase

32
Q

Which enzyme produced in the duodenum activates trypsin ?

A

Enterokinase

33
Q

What facilitates fat absorption in the small intestine by breaking down large fat droplets ?

A

Bile (in liver)

Biology (11 decks)

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