Embryogenesis & Development Flashcards

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1
Q

The widest part of the fallopian tube where fertilization occurs is known as ?

A

Ampulla

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2
Q

What occurs after the penetration of sperm through the cell membrane ?

A
Cortical rxn (release of Ca2+ ions)
-Depolarizes membrane of the ovum to prevent fertilization of ovum by multiple sperm & high Ca2+ increases metabolic rate of zygote
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3
Q

The fertilization of 2 different eggs by 2 different sperm results in what ?

A

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins

  • Each develop its own structures & components
  • No more genetically similar than regular siblings
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4
Q

What is the result of a single zygote splitting into 2 ?

A

Monozygotic (identical) twins

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5
Q

What is the difference between indeterminate & determinate cleavage ?

A

Indeterminate results in cells that can still develop into complete organisms, while determinate results in cells that are committed to differentiating into certain types of cells

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6
Q

What does the embryo become after several rounds of division (cleavage) ?

A

Morula (solid mass of cells)

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7
Q

A morula undergoes blastulation, which form the blastula…what is a blastula ?

A

Hollow ball of cells w/ fluid filled inner cavity (blastocoel)

  • mammalian blastula = blastocyst (consists of trophoblast & inner cell mass)
  • trophoblast: surrounds blastocoel & gives rise to chorion & placenta
  • inner cell mass: protrudes into blastocoel & gives rise to the organism
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8
Q

The extraembryonic membrane that later develops into the placenta is known as ?

A

Chorion

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9
Q

What structure supports the embryo before functional placenta development, & serves as a site for early blood cell development ?

A

Yolk sac

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10
Q

What is the difference between the 2 embryonic membranes: allantois & amnion ?

A

Allantois is involved in fluid exchange btwn. yolk sac & embryo
Amnion surrounds the allantois (filled w/ amniotic fluid); serves as a shock absorber during pregnancy

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11
Q

What does the process of gastulation encompass ?

A

Gastrula: a small invagination in the blastula

invagination is known as archenteron, and opening is known as blastopore

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12
Q

What’s the difference btwn deuterostomes & protostomes ?

A

D: blastopore develops into anus
P: blastopore develops into mouth

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13
Q

What all does the ectoderm encompass ?

A

Integument
Lens of eye
Nervous system (including adrenal medulla)
Inner ear

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14
Q

What all does the mesoderm encompass ?

A

Musculoskeletal, circulatory, & excretory system
Gonads
Muscular & connective tissue

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15
Q

What all does the endoderm encompass ?

A

epithelial linings

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16
Q

The ability of 1 group of cells to influence the fate of nearby cells is known as >

A

Induction

-mediated by inducers that diffuse from organizing cells (organizing to responsive)

17
Q

What are the features & functions of the process of neurulation ?

A
  1. Notochord: rod of mesodermal cells that form along the axis of the organism
  2. Induce a group of ectodermal cells to fold inward forming neural folds, which surround neural groove
  3. Neural folds grow & fuse together forming neural tube
  4. Neural tube gives rise to CNS
  5. Neural crest cells (@ tip of each neural fold) migrate outward to form PNS
18
Q

What are the stages and functions of cell specialization ?

A

Specification: where the cell is reversibly designated as a specific cell type
Determination: cell is committed to a specific lineage, irreversible
Differentiation: cell undergoes changes to develop into determined cell type

19
Q

Stem cells w/ the greatest potency are known as ?

A

Totipotent: can differentiate into any cell type

20
Q

Cells that can differentiate into any cell type EXCEPT for those found in placental structures is known as ?

A

Pluripotent

21
Q

Stem cells that can differentiate into multiple types of cells within a particular group are known as ?

A

Multipotent

22
Q

What are the different types of cell-cell communications ?

A

Autocrine: cell signals itself
Paracrine: signal acts on cells in the local area
Juxtacrine: signal sent to cell via linked pathway
Endocrine: signals sent via bloodstream to distant target tissue

23
Q

What is the diff between necrosis & apoptosis ?

A

Necrosis is cell death caused by injury, while apoptosis is intentional & programmed

24
Q

What do fetal blood cells have that increase their oxygen uptake from the mother ?

A
Fetal hemoglobin (HbF)
*gas exchange in fetus occurs via placenta
25
Q

The umbilical arteries carry blood _______ the ___ to the _____.

A

away from the fetus to the placenta (deoxygenated)

26
Q

The umbilical veins carry blood _____ the ____ from the _____.

A

towards the fetus from the placenta (oxygenated)

27
Q

What does the fetus construct to direct blood away from developing organs (liver & lungs) ?

A

Shunts

  • Foramen ovale: one way valve that connects right atrium to left (allows blood to flow into left atrium instead of right ventricle)
  • Ductus arteriosus: displace leftover blood from pulmonary artery to aorta
  • Ductus venosus: redirects blood returning from placenta directly to inferior vena cava
28
Q

What hormones coordinate the rhythmic contractions of the uterine smooth muscle during birth ?

A

Oxytocin & prostaglandins