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Biology > Genetics & Evolution > Flashcards

Genetics & Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The genetic combination possessed by an individual is known as ______, and the manifestation of it as an observable trait is known _______?

A

Genotype & Phenotype

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2
Q

The specific location on a chromosome is known as ?

A

Locus

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3
Q

When only one dominant & recessive allele exists for a gene, there is said to be what ?

A

Complete dominance

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4
Q

When more than 1 dominant allele exists for gene, this is known as ?

A

Codominance

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5
Q

When a heterozygote expresses a phenotype that is an intermediate between the 2 homozygous genotypes, this is known as ?

A

Incomplete dominance

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6
Q

A population measure defined by the proportion of individuals in the population that phenotypically express the allele is known as ?

A

Penetrance

*more than 40 sequence repeats = full penetrance

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7
Q

Varying phenotypes despite identical genotypes is known as ?

A

Expressivity

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8
Q

What are the 4 basic tenets of Mendel’s 1st law of segregation ?

A
  1. Genes exist in alternative forms
  2. An organism has 2 alleles
  3. 2 alleles segregate during meiosis
  4. If 2 alleles are different, 1 will be expressed & 1 will be silenced
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9
Q

What does Mendel’s 2nd law of independent assortment state ?

A

The the inheritance of one allele does not affect the inheritance of another
*unlinked genes

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10
Q

All of the alleles that exist within a species are known as the what ?

A

Gene pool

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11
Q

Elements known as transposons can function to do what ?

A

Insert & remove themselves from the genome freely

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12
Q

What are the different types of chromosomal mutations ?

A

Deletion: large segment of DNA is lost from chromosome
Duplication: when a segment of DNA is copied multiple times in the genome
Inversion: when a segment of DNA is reversed within the chromosome
Insertion: when a segment of DNA is moved from 1 chromosome to another
Translocation: when a segment of DNA is swapped w/ another DNA segment

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13
Q

Defects in genes required for metabolism are known as ?

A

Inborn errors of metabolism

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14
Q

A flow of genes between species is known as ?

A

Genetic leakage

*Can lead to hybrid offspring

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15
Q

Genetic drift refers to changes in the composition of the gene pool due to chance. What are possible effects of genetic drift?

A

Founder effect: reproductive isolation (can be due to bottleneck: drastic decrease in population that leads to small size of available breeding)
Inbreeding

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16
Q

A ____ is used to determine an unknown genotype

A

Test cross

17
Q

What should be kept in mind in regards to sex-linked traits ?

A
  1. X linked
  2. Males more susceptible
  3. Typically recessive
18
Q

Finish the statement: the further apart 2 genes are, the more likely….?

A

There will be a point of crossing over (chiasma)

19
Q

What are the foundations of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ?

A
  1. Large population (no genetic drift)
  2. No mutations that affect gene pool
  3. No sexual selection (random mating)
  4. No immigration or emigration
  5. Equal succession of genes being reproduced
20
Q

How does punctuated equilibrium contrast w/ Darwin’s theory ?

A

PE suggests that changes in some species occur in rapid burst rather than evenly over time as suggested by natural selection

21
Q

What are the different modes of natural selection ?

A

Stabilizing: keeps phenotypes within a specific range by selecting against extremes
Directional: dominance of an initially extreme phenotype due to adaptive pressures
Disruptive: 2 extreme phenotypes are selected over the norm (facilitated by polymorphisms: naturally occurring differences between members of the same population)

22
Q

The rapid rise of a # of different species from a common ancestor is known as ?

A

Adaptive radiation

*Benefit = niches

23
Q

Formation of new species through evolution is termed ?

A

Speciation

24
Q

What are the 2 different forms of reproductive isolation, & how do they contrast ?

A

Prezygotic mechanisms prevent formation of zygote completely, while postzygotic mechanisms allow for gamete fusion but yield nonviable or sterile offspring

25
Q

What are the 3 different patterns of evolution ?

A

Divergent: independent development of dissimilar characteristics in 2 or more lineages sharing a common ancestor (Ex: cats & seals)
Parallel: related species evolve in similar ways for long periods in response to analogous environmental selection pressures
Convergent: independent development of similar characteristics in 2 or more lineages NOT sharing a common recent ancestor (Ex: fish & dolphin)

26
Q

Recombinant frequency values close to ___ show linked genes, while values close to ___ indicate independent assortment.

A

0% & 50%

Biology (11 decks)

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