Homeostasis Flashcards
The functional unit of the kidney is the ?
Nephron
The kidney is subdivided into 2 layers, what are they ?
Cortex: outermost
Medulla: innermost
The renal artery + vein, & ureters enter & exit through what ?
Renal hilum
Highly convoluted capillary tufts derived from afferent arterioles are known as ?
Glomeruli
The efferent arterioles form a secondary capillary bed, that surrounds the loop of Henle & are known as ?
Vasa recta
The bladder has a muscular lining known as the ?
Detrusor muscle
In order to leave the body, urine must pass through which 2 sphincters ?
Internal & external urethral sphincter
Where does filtration occur in the kidneys?
Bowman’s space via starling forces
The liver converts ammonia to what ?
Urea (neutral)
*Travels to kidneys, secreted in nephron, & excreted in urine
What are the functions & features of the proximal convoluted tubule ?
- Where filtrate 1st enters
- Reabsorption occurs
- Site of secretion for H+, K+, NH3, Urea
What are the functions & features of the loop of henle ?
- Filtrate from PCT enters descending limb of LOH (deep in medulla before becoming ascending limb of LOH)
- Vasa recta & nephron create a countercurrent multiplier system
- Descending limb maximizes H2O reabsorption; ascending limb maximizes salt reabsorption
- Diluting segment: cells lining tube are larger
What are the functions & features of the distal convoluted tubule ?
- Responds to aldosterone (sodium reabsorption)
- Waste product secretion
What are the functions & features of the collecting duct?
- Responsive to both ADH & aldosterone (water reabsorption)
- Point of no return
What hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to decreased blood pressure ?
Aldosterone (increases BP by reabsorption of sodium)
*Decreased BP stimulates the release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells—-> angiotensinogen—> ang I—> ang converting enzyme—> ang II—-> aldosterone
The peptide hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus & secreted by the posterior pituitary in response to high blood osmolarity is ?
ADH/vasopressin
What is the difference between osmotic & oncotic pressure ?
OM draws H2O in caused by the dissolved particles, ON is the OM attributed to dissolved particles distinctively
What are the 5 different layers (strata) of the epidermis ?
- Stratum basale: proliferation of keratinocytes
- Stratum spinosum: keratinocytes connects; site of Langerhans cells
- Stratum granulosum: keratinocytes die & lose nuclei
* 4. Stratum lucidum: only present in thick hairless skin - Stratum corneum: keratinocytes form protective barrier
What are the layers of the dermis & what does this section of skin consist of ?
- Papillary & reticular layer
- Merel cells: deep pressure & texture sensation
- Meissner’s corpuscles: respond to light touch
- Ruffini endings: respond to stretch
- Pacinian corpuscles: respond to deep pressure & vibration
The layer of connective tissue that connects the skin to the rest of the body is known as ?
Hypodermis
