Homeostasis

Question 1

The functional unit of the kidney is the ?

Answer 1

Nephron

Question 2

The kidney is subdivided into 2 layers, what are they ?

Answer 2

Cortex: outermost
Medulla: innermost

Question 3

The renal artery + vein, & ureters enter & exit through what ?

Answer 3

Renal hilum

Question 4

Highly convoluted capillary tufts derived from afferent arterioles are known as ?

Answer 4

Glomeruli

Question 5

The efferent arterioles form a secondary capillary bed, that surrounds the loop of Henle & are known as ?

Answer 5

Vasa recta

Question 6

The bladder has a muscular lining known as the ?

Answer 6

Detrusor muscle

Question 7

In order to leave the body, urine must pass through which 2 sphincters ?

Answer 7

Internal & external urethral sphincter

Question 8

Where does filtration occur in the kidneys?

Answer 8

Bowman’s space via starling forces

Question 9

The liver converts ammonia to what ?

Answer 9

Urea (neutral)

*Travels to kidneys, secreted in nephron, & excreted in urine

Question 10

What are the functions & features of the proximal convoluted tubule ?

Answer 10

• Where filtrate 1st enters
• Reabsorption occurs
• Site of secretion for H+, K+, NH3, Urea

Question 11

What are the functions & features of the loop of henle ?

Answer 11

• Filtrate from PCT enters descending limb of LOH (deep in medulla before becoming ascending limb of LOH)
• Vasa recta & nephron create a countercurrent multiplier system
• Descending limb maximizes H2O reabsorption; ascending limb maximizes salt reabsorption
• Diluting segment: cells lining tube are larger

Question 12

What are the functions & features of the distal convoluted tubule ?

Answer 12

• Responds to aldosterone (sodium reabsorption)

- Waste product secretion

Question 13

What are the functions & features of the collecting duct?

Answer 13

• Responsive to both ADH & aldosterone (water reabsorption)

- Point of no return

Question 14

What hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to decreased blood pressure ?

Answer 14

Aldosterone (increases BP by reabsorption of sodium)
*Decreased BP stimulates the release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells—-> angiotensinogen—> ang I—> ang converting enzyme—> ang II—-> aldosterone

Question 15

The peptide hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus & secreted by the posterior pituitary in response to high blood osmolarity is ?

Answer 15

ADH/vasopressin

Question 16

What is the difference between osmotic & oncotic pressure ?

Answer 16

OM draws H2O in caused by the dissolved particles, ON is the OM attributed to dissolved particles distinctively

Question 17

What are the 5 different layers (strata) of the epidermis ?

Answer 17

1. Stratum basale: proliferation of keratinocytes
2. Stratum spinosum: keratinocytes connects; site of Langerhans cells
3. Stratum granulosum: keratinocytes die & lose nuclei
   * 4. Stratum lucidum: only present in thick hairless skin
4. Stratum corneum: keratinocytes form protective barrier

Question 18

What are the layers of the dermis & what does this section of skin consist of ?

Answer 18

• Papillary & reticular layer
• Merel cells: deep pressure & texture sensation
• Meissner’s corpuscles: respond to light touch
• Ruffini endings: respond to stretch
• Pacinian corpuscles: respond to deep pressure & vibration

Question 19

The layer of connective tissue that connects the skin to the rest of the body is known as ?

Answer 19

Hypodermis