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Cat & Dog > Reproduction (1-6) > Flashcards

Reproduction (1-6) Flashcards

1
Q

what organ in the female lies between the bladder and colon

A

uterus

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2
Q

what marks puberty in female dogs

A

first oestrus cycle

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3
Q

what marks puberty in male dogs

A

sperm production

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4
Q

what is the treatment for cryptorchid?

A

castration

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5
Q

what is the cyclicity of bitch oestrus cycle?

A

non-seasonal; monoestrus (every 6mo)

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6
Q

what is the cyclicity of queen (cat) oestrus cycle?

A

seasonal (photoperiod); polyoestrus (every 2 weeks in breeding season)

(induced ovulators)

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7
Q

how long is pregnancy in the dog

A

63 days

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8
Q

how long is the oestrus period in a dog

A

7-10 days

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9
Q

how long after the LH peak is ovulation

A

2 days after

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10
Q

what hormone slows down the decline of progesterone during metoestrus in the dog;
from the anterior pituitary and ‘feeds’ the corpus luteum and maintains progesterone output

A

prolactin

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11
Q

how long is the metoestrus phase in dogs?

A

2-3 months
(63 days)

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12
Q

how long is anoestrus phase in the dog?

A

3-4 months

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13
Q

what stage of the reproductive cycle can dogs get prgnant/have a false pregnancy

A

metoestrus

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14
Q

what is the main hormone produced during pro-oestrus in dogs

A

oestrogen
(from follicles)

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15
Q

what is the main hormone produced during oestrus in dogs

A

progesterone rises;
oestrogen declines

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16
Q

what is the main hormone produced during metoestrus in dogs

A

progesterone (luteal phase)

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17
Q

what is the main hormone produced during anoestrus in dogs

A

quiescent phase

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18
Q

name the 5 common behavioural signs seen in cats during oestrus

A
  1. affectionate
  2. writhing and rolling
  3. crouching
  4. calling
  5. ‘hysterical’
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19
Q

how long is pregnancy in cats

A

65-67 days

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20
Q

name the 3 parts of the mating process in dogs

A
  1. receptive
  2. mating
  3. ‘tie’ phase
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21
Q

when does progesterone production start in the dog?
(in relation to ovulation)

A

before ovulation

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22
Q

what does prolactin do in dogs?

A

slows the decline of progesterone

(metoestrous)

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23
Q

how long can sperm survive in the female reproductive tract in dogs?

A

about a week

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24
Q

name the pregnancy trimester of the dog

little change in bitch;
slight increase in weight possible towards day 21

A

1st trimester

(day 1-21)

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25
Q

name the pregnancy trimester of the dog

some abdominal enlargement, loss of ‘waist’ line;
mammary and teat enlargement begins;
bitch may be quieter than normal;
pregnancy often detectable by vet feeling the abdomen;
pregnancy detectable by u/s scan and blood testing

A

2nd trimester

(day 21-42)

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26
Q

name the pregnancy trimester of the dog

obvious abdominal enlargement;
mammary gland development;
some leakage of milk shortly before birth;
drop in temperature immediately before birth

A

3rd trimester

(day 42-63)

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27
Q

name the 4 main methods of pregnancy diagnosis

A
  1. palpation
  2. ultrasound
  3. Relaxin hormone (blood assay)
  4. x-ray
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28
Q

how long after mating can a pregnancy be diagnosed via palpation in a dog

A

3-4 weeks

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29
Q

how long after mating can a pregnancy be diagnosed via ultrasound in a dog

A

3-4 weeks

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30
Q

how long after mating can a pregnancy be diagnosed via blood assay for relaxin hormone in a dog

A

4 weeks

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31
Q

how long after mating can a pregnancy be diagnosed via x-ray in a dog

A

6 weeks

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32
Q

name 4 signs of impending parturition in the dog

A
  1. milk expression (1-2 days before)
  2. vulva area slack
  3. nest-making
  4. slight fall in temp
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33
Q

name the 3 physical signs of stage 1 labour in a dog

A
  1. slight drop in temp
  2. vagina relaxes, cervix opens
  3. minor uterine contractions
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34
Q

how long can stage 1 labour last in the dog

A

6-12 hours
(usually 2-3)

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35
Q

name the stage of labour for dogs

the temp rises again at the start;
key feature is active abdominal straining in lateral recumbency;
clear foetal fluids are passed when allantochorion ruptures;
puppies and kittens delivered with pauses in between each birth

A

stage 2

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36
Q

how long may the second stage of labour take in the dog?

A

4-6 h

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37
Q

how long after birth is the placenta expelled in dogs

A

5-15 min

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38
Q

what is indicated by the following observations?

  • persisten, strong straining in stage 2 labour for 30 min or more
  • protrusion of part of a foetus for 30 min or more
  • weak straining for 2-4h (not progressing to full stage 2)
  • allantochorion rupture (clear fluid) but no foetus after 2h
  • dark green or red discharge and no foetus in 2h
  • foul smelling vaginal discharge
  • 2nd stage labour more than 12h or whole birthing process more than 24 h
  • persistent vomiting
A

dystokia

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39
Q

what is the most common cause of dystocia in dogs and cats

A

uterine inertia

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40
Q

how to treat uterine inertia?

A

oxytocin injection
(once obstructive dystocia is ruled out)

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41
Q

what is the max number of oxytocin treatments you should give before opting for a C-section

A

3 treatments
(30 min apart)

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42
Q

name 5 indications for caesarean in dogs/cats

A
  1. obstructive dystocia
  2. uterine inertia unresponsive to oxytocin
  3. anatomical or pathological pelvic narrowing
  4. foetal death
  5. exhausted, ill or weak dam
43
Q

name the reproductive disease

  • common in dogs
  • to some extent, part of normal cycle: ‘physiological presumption of pregnancy’
  • extreme cases can cause problems
  • mating is not necessary for this
  • tends to recur
A

False pregnancy

44
Q

name 6 signs of false pregnancy in domestic dogs

A
  1. mammary hypertrophy
  2. lactation
  3. adoption of toys as babies
  4. anorexia
  5. nesting behaviour
  6. aggression
45
Q

what is the treatment for false pregnancy

A

oral dosing with cabergoline for 4-6 days

46
Q

what hormone does cabergoline inhibit production of

A

prolactin

47
Q

what medication can be used for medical termination of pregnancy:
* progesterone antagonist - blocks progesterone receptors on uterus
* 2 injections 24h apart

A

aglepristone (Alizin)

48
Q

how far into gestation can aglepristone (Alizin) be used to terminate the pregnancy

A

up to day 45 of gestation

49
Q

name 4 reasons to suppress, terminate or postpone oestrus medically

A
  1. convenience
  2. financial
  3. caught off-guard
  4. male dog in house
50
Q

what drugs are used to suppress, terminate or postpone oestrus

A

progestagens (proligestone, depot progestogen)

51
Q

name 6 risks of using progestagens to suppress, terminate or postpone oestrus

A
  1. injection reactions
  2. weight gain
  3. pyometra
  4. mammary masses
  5. irregular oestrus when stopped
  6. Diabetes
52
Q

name the reproductive disease

common at 2-3 mo;
vaginal discharge in healthy, young female;
Abx NOT indicated, will resolve at forst oestrus;
saline bathing helpful

A

juvenile vaginitis

53
Q

name the reproductive disease

  • mainly in obese females
  • skin fold problem with redness, dischage, irritation and secondary infection
  • treat topically and systemically (abx, steroid cream)
  • weight loss
  • surgery if recurring: episioplasty
A

perivulvular dermatitis

54
Q

name the type of ovarian cyst

incidental finding at spay;
may also be seen on uterus;
no disease

A

parovarian cyst

55
Q

name the type of ovarian cyst

produce oestrogen;
produce prolonged pro-oestrus in older, unspayed females;
Tx: spay

A

follicular

56
Q

name the type of ovarian cyst

rare;
produce progesterone;
sign would be prolonged anoestrus and failure to return to oestrus;
Tx: spay

A

luteal

57
Q

this is when the egg can be fertilised;
2-6 days after ovulation;
(ovulation is 2 days after LH surge;
egg takes a further 2 days to mature and can then survive for ~2days)

A

fertilisation period

58
Q

this is when mating can result in pregnancy;
sperm can survive for 7 days, so this period is ~10 d

A

fertile period

59
Q

name 3 methods to predict fertile period & ovulation in bitches

A
  1. ‘12 days after pro-oestrus starts, 4 days from when bitch first stands for dog’
  2. progesterone assay (correlates with LH surge)
  3. vaginal cytology
60
Q

what 3 cells will be seen on a vaginal cytology during pro-oestrus

A
  1. many RBCs
  2. parabasal and intermediate cells with nuclei
  3. neutrophils
61
Q

what cells will be seen on a vaginal cytology during oestrus

A

cornified cells without nuclei in larger numbers

62
Q

what cells will be seen on a vaginal cytology during metoestrus

A

fewer anucleate cells

63
Q

describe the oestrogen and progesterone levels during the fertile period

A

falling oestrogen;
rising progesterone

64
Q

this is the expulsion of a non-viable foetus or one not capable of life

A

abortion

65
Q

name the pregnancy disorder

synonyms: lactational tetany, post-partum hypocalcaemia, puerperal tetany;
common and dangerous in dogs;
usually w/in 2-3 weeks of birth but sometimes even before;
medical emergency caused by low blood calcium

A

eclampsia

66
Q

name the 7 steps of treatment for eclampsia

A
  1. insert IV catheter
  2. give 10% calcium borogluconate by slow IV
  3. monitor heart for bradycadia or arrhythmia
  4. when stable, check blood glucose and give 10% dextrose if hypoglycaemic
  5. keep on IV fluids
  6. hand feed neonates for 24h
  7. feed dam puppy or kitten food
67
Q

name the disease of the mammary gland

no milk flow;
usually resolves with maternal instincts & suckling;
low dose oxytocin possible to treat

A

agalactia

68
Q

name the disease of the mammary gland

can be associated with agalactia;
full glands, warm;
not lumpy as with mastitis;
suckling of puppies or gentle massage may help

A

galactosis

69
Q

name the disease of the mammary gland

ascending infection;
hot, painful glands;
may abscess and slough;
high temp and depressed/anorexic dog

A

mastitis

70
Q

how much is CO increased due to oestrogens in a pregnant animal

A

30-50%

71
Q

name 4 physiological changes to the respiratory system during pregnancy that can affect anaesthesia

A
  1. decr. FRC & atelectasis
  2. hypoxaemia risk (high oxygen requirements)
  3. rapid uptake of volatile anaesthetics
  4. maternal hyperventilation (resp. alkalosis)
72
Q

name 5 things that should be done for anaesthesia of a pregnant animal to counteract physiological changes to the GI system (regurgitation)

A
  1. rapid sequence induction
  2. airway protection
  3. extubate when laryngeal reflex present
  4. omeprazole
  5. antiemetics
73
Q

is mask induction a good option for anaesthesia for a caesarian section?

A

NO
(stresses mom more and some will get into air and affect you)

74
Q

name the urogenital tumour

unilateral;
retroperitoneal dissemination;
Tx: ureteronephrectomy;
often clinically silent

A

renal cell carcinoma

75
Q

name the urogenital tumour

bilateral;
more common in cats than dogs;
assoc. with FeLV;
young Persians

A

renal lymphoma

76
Q

name the urogenital tumour

this is the most common primary bladder tumour & accounts for 2/3 of all bladder tumours

A

transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)

77
Q

name the urogenital tumour

bladder & urethra;
LUT signs;
Dx: contrast radiography, ultrasound, cytoscopy, laparotomy;
locoregional, distant metastasis

A

transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)

78
Q

what drug treatment can be used as palliative care for an animal with bladder TCC (transitional call carcinoma)

A

NSAIDs +/- chemotherapy

79
Q

name 2 common types of epithelial ovarian tumours

A
  1. (cyst)adenoma
  2. (cyst)adenocarcinoma (most common)
80
Q

what is the treatment for epithelial ovarian tumours:
(cyst)adenoma & (cyst)adenocarcinoma

A

surgery +/- chemotherapy

81
Q

what is the most common type of tumour of the female reproductive tract

A

granulosa cell tumours

82
Q

name 3 types of germ cell tumours of the female reproduction tract

A
  1. teratomas/carcinomas
  2. dysgerminoma
  3. teratocarcinoma
83
Q

name the germ cell tumour of the female repro tract

young dogs;
space occupying mass;
distended abdomen;
can be calcified on abdominal radiography

A

teratomas/carcinomas

84
Q

name the germ cell tumour of the female repro tract

rarely symptomatic;
locoregional metastasis

A

dysgerminoma

85
Q

name the germ cell tumour of the female repro tract

malignant, regional bone metastasis;
calcified

A

teratocarcinoma

86
Q

name 2 differential diagnoses for vaginal tumours

A
  1. vaginal hyperplasia
  2. vaginal prolapse
87
Q

name the testicular tumour type

not in cats;
1-2cm in diameter, single/multiple;
incidental finding;
usually benign;
scrotal testes

A

interstitial

88
Q

name the testicular tumour type

not in cats;
<2cm in diameter;
rarely functional;
usually benign (local invasion);
cryptorchid

A

seminoma

89
Q

name the testicular tumour type

largest;
most likely in ectopic testes;
functional;
aplastic anaemia with 80% mortality;
10% locoregional & distant metastatic rate

A

sertoli cell

90
Q

name 3 paraneoplastic syndromes associated with testicular tumours

A
  1. feminisation
  2. aplastic anaemia
  3. prostatic squamous metaplasia
91
Q

name the 2 most common types of prostatic carcinomas

A
  1. adenocarcinoma
  2. TCC
92
Q

are prostatic carcinomas prevented by early castration

A

NO

93
Q

what is the most common treatment for prostate carcinomas

A

NSAIDs +/- chemotherapy

94
Q

what % of mammary tumours in bitches are malignant?

A

50%

95
Q

what % of mammary tumours in queens are malignant?

A

90%
(basically all of them!)

96
Q

name 3 differentials for mammary tumours

A
  1. benign fibroepithelial hyperplasia
  2. lobular hyperplasia/hyperplastic alveolar nodule
  3. mastitis
97
Q

name the type of mammary tumour

cartilage or bone;
disputed histogenesis (myoepithelial metaplasia or stem cell derived);
most common benign tumour (dogs);
circumscribed, mobile, firm, knobbly

A

mixed mammary tumour

98
Q

name the type of mammary tumour

alveolar epithelia, myoepithelial;
benign

A

simple adenoma

99
Q

name the type of mammary tumour

both epithelial;
benign

A

complex adenoma

100
Q

name the type of mammary tumour

epithelial + fibrous tissue;

A

fibroadenoma

101
Q

name the type of mammary tumour

different histological subtypes;
rapid growht, noncircumscribed, fixed to skin, may ulcerate

A

mammary carcinoma

102
Q

name the type of mammary tumour

ulceration, oedema;
vessel, lymphatic, skin infiltration;
no discrete or palpable mass;
non-surgical

A

inflammatory carcinoma

103
Q

what is the treatment of choice for mammary tumours

A

surgery (early complete resection)

104
Q

what hormone therapy can be used to treat mammary tumours but isn’t recommended due to severe oestrogenic effects in dogs

A

anti-oestrogen (Tamoxifen)

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