Reproduction (1-6) Flashcards
what organ in the female lies between the bladder and colon
uterus
what marks puberty in female dogs
first oestrus cycle
what marks puberty in male dogs
sperm production
what is the treatment for cryptorchid?
castration
what is the cyclicity of bitch oestrus cycle?
non-seasonal; monoestrus (every 6mo)
what is the cyclicity of queen (cat) oestrus cycle?
seasonal (photoperiod); polyoestrus (every 2 weeks in breeding season)
(induced ovulators)
how long is pregnancy in the dog
63 days
how long is the oestrus period in a dog
7-10 days
how long after the LH peak is ovulation
2 days after
what hormone slows down the decline of progesterone during metoestrus in the dog;
from the anterior pituitary and ‘feeds’ the corpus luteum and maintains progesterone output
prolactin
how long is the metoestrus phase in dogs?
2-3 months
(63 days)
how long is anoestrus phase in the dog?
3-4 months
what stage of the reproductive cycle can dogs get prgnant/have a false pregnancy
metoestrus
what is the main hormone produced during pro-oestrus in dogs
oestrogen
(from follicles)
what is the main hormone produced during oestrus in dogs
progesterone rises;
oestrogen declines
what is the main hormone produced during metoestrus in dogs
progesterone (luteal phase)
what is the main hormone produced during anoestrus in dogs
quiescent phase
name the 5 common behavioural signs seen in cats during oestrus
- affectionate
- writhing and rolling
- crouching
- calling
- ‘hysterical’
how long is pregnancy in cats
65-67 days
name the 3 parts of the mating process in dogs
- receptive
- mating
- ‘tie’ phase
when does progesterone production start in the dog?
(in relation to ovulation)
before ovulation
what does prolactin do in dogs?
slows the decline of progesterone
(metoestrous)
how long can sperm survive in the female reproductive tract in dogs?
about a week
name the pregnancy trimester of the dog
little change in bitch;
slight increase in weight possible towards day 21
1st trimester
(day 1-21)
name the pregnancy trimester of the dog
some abdominal enlargement, loss of ‘waist’ line;
mammary and teat enlargement begins;
bitch may be quieter than normal;
pregnancy often detectable by vet feeling the abdomen;
pregnancy detectable by u/s scan and blood testing
2nd trimester
(day 21-42)
name the pregnancy trimester of the dog
obvious abdominal enlargement;
mammary gland development;
some leakage of milk shortly before birth;
drop in temperature immediately before birth
3rd trimester
(day 42-63)
name the 4 main methods of pregnancy diagnosis
- palpation
- ultrasound
- Relaxin hormone (blood assay)
- x-ray
how long after mating can a pregnancy be diagnosed via palpation in a dog
3-4 weeks
how long after mating can a pregnancy be diagnosed via ultrasound in a dog
3-4 weeks
how long after mating can a pregnancy be diagnosed via blood assay for relaxin hormone in a dog
4 weeks
how long after mating can a pregnancy be diagnosed via x-ray in a dog
6 weeks
name 4 signs of impending parturition in the dog
- milk expression (1-2 days before)
- vulva area slack
- nest-making
- slight fall in temp
name the 3 physical signs of stage 1 labour in a dog
- slight drop in temp
- vagina relaxes, cervix opens
- minor uterine contractions
how long can stage 1 labour last in the dog
6-12 hours
(usually 2-3)
name the stage of labour for dogs
the temp rises again at the start;
key feature is active abdominal straining in lateral recumbency;
clear foetal fluids are passed when allantochorion ruptures;
puppies and kittens delivered with pauses in between each birth
stage 2
how long may the second stage of labour take in the dog?
4-6 h
how long after birth is the placenta expelled in dogs
5-15 min
what is indicated by the following observations?
- persisten, strong straining in stage 2 labour for 30 min or more
- protrusion of part of a foetus for 30 min or more
- weak straining for 2-4h (not progressing to full stage 2)
- allantochorion rupture (clear fluid) but no foetus after 2h
- dark green or red discharge and no foetus in 2h
- foul smelling vaginal discharge
- 2nd stage labour more than 12h or whole birthing process more than 24 h
- persistent vomiting
dystokia
what is the most common cause of dystocia in dogs and cats
uterine inertia
how to treat uterine inertia?
oxytocin injection
(once obstructive dystocia is ruled out)
what is the max number of oxytocin treatments you should give before opting for a C-section
3 treatments
(30 min apart)
name 5 indications for caesarean in dogs/cats
- obstructive dystocia
- uterine inertia unresponsive to oxytocin
- anatomical or pathological pelvic narrowing
- foetal death
- exhausted, ill or weak dam
name the reproductive disease
- common in dogs
- to some extent, part of normal cycle: ‘physiological presumption of pregnancy’
- extreme cases can cause problems
- mating is not necessary for this
- tends to recur
False pregnancy
name 6 signs of false pregnancy in domestic dogs
- mammary hypertrophy
- lactation
- adoption of toys as babies
- anorexia
- nesting behaviour
- aggression
what is the treatment for false pregnancy
oral dosing with cabergoline for 4-6 days
what hormone does cabergoline inhibit production of
prolactin
what medication can be used for medical termination of pregnancy:
* progesterone antagonist - blocks progesterone receptors on uterus
* 2 injections 24h apart
aglepristone (Alizin)
how far into gestation can aglepristone (Alizin) be used to terminate the pregnancy
up to day 45 of gestation
name 4 reasons to suppress, terminate or postpone oestrus medically
- convenience
- financial
- caught off-guard
- male dog in house
what drugs are used to suppress, terminate or postpone oestrus
progestagens (proligestone, depot progestogen)
name 6 risks of using progestagens to suppress, terminate or postpone oestrus
- injection reactions
- weight gain
- pyometra
- mammary masses
- irregular oestrus when stopped
- Diabetes
name the reproductive disease
common at 2-3 mo;
vaginal discharge in healthy, young female;
Abx NOT indicated, will resolve at forst oestrus;
saline bathing helpful
juvenile vaginitis
name the reproductive disease
- mainly in obese females
- skin fold problem with redness, dischage, irritation and secondary infection
- treat topically and systemically (abx, steroid cream)
- weight loss
- surgery if recurring: episioplasty
perivulvular dermatitis
name the type of ovarian cyst
incidental finding at spay;
may also be seen on uterus;
no disease
parovarian cyst
name the type of ovarian cyst
produce oestrogen;
produce prolonged pro-oestrus in older, unspayed females;
Tx: spay
follicular
name the type of ovarian cyst
rare;
produce progesterone;
sign would be prolonged anoestrus and failure to return to oestrus;
Tx: spay
luteal
this is when the egg can be fertilised;
2-6 days after ovulation;
(ovulation is 2 days after LH surge;
egg takes a further 2 days to mature and can then survive for ~2days)
fertilisation period
this is when mating can result in pregnancy;
sperm can survive for 7 days, so this period is ~10 d
fertile period
name 3 methods to predict fertile period & ovulation in bitches
- ‘12 days after pro-oestrus starts, 4 days from when bitch first stands for dog’
- progesterone assay (correlates with LH surge)
- vaginal cytology
what 3 cells will be seen on a vaginal cytology during pro-oestrus
- many RBCs
- parabasal and intermediate cells with nuclei
- neutrophils
what cells will be seen on a vaginal cytology during oestrus
cornified cells without nuclei in larger numbers
what cells will be seen on a vaginal cytology during metoestrus
fewer anucleate cells
describe the oestrogen and progesterone levels during the fertile period
falling oestrogen;
rising progesterone
this is the expulsion of a non-viable foetus or one not capable of life
abortion
name the pregnancy disorder
synonyms: lactational tetany, post-partum hypocalcaemia, puerperal tetany;
common and dangerous in dogs;
usually w/in 2-3 weeks of birth but sometimes even before;
medical emergency caused by low blood calcium
eclampsia
name the 7 steps of treatment for eclampsia
- insert IV catheter
- give 10% calcium borogluconate by slow IV
- monitor heart for bradycadia or arrhythmia
- when stable, check blood glucose and give 10% dextrose if hypoglycaemic
- keep on IV fluids
- hand feed neonates for 24h
- feed dam puppy or kitten food
name the disease of the mammary gland
no milk flow;
usually resolves with maternal instincts & suckling;
low dose oxytocin possible to treat
agalactia
name the disease of the mammary gland
can be associated with agalactia;
full glands, warm;
not lumpy as with mastitis;
suckling of puppies or gentle massage may help
galactosis
name the disease of the mammary gland
ascending infection;
hot, painful glands;
may abscess and slough;
high temp and depressed/anorexic dog
mastitis
how much is CO increased due to oestrogens in a pregnant animal
30-50%
name 4 physiological changes to the respiratory system during pregnancy that can affect anaesthesia
- decr. FRC & atelectasis
- hypoxaemia risk (high oxygen requirements)
- rapid uptake of volatile anaesthetics
- maternal hyperventilation (resp. alkalosis)
name 5 things that should be done for anaesthesia of a pregnant animal to counteract physiological changes to the GI system (regurgitation)
- rapid sequence induction
- airway protection
- extubate when laryngeal reflex present
- omeprazole
- antiemetics
is mask induction a good option for anaesthesia for a caesarian section?
NO
(stresses mom more and some will get into air and affect you)
name the urogenital tumour
unilateral;
retroperitoneal dissemination;
Tx: ureteronephrectomy;
often clinically silent
renal cell carcinoma
name the urogenital tumour
bilateral;
more common in cats than dogs;
assoc. with FeLV;
young Persians
renal lymphoma
name the urogenital tumour
this is the most common primary bladder tumour & accounts for 2/3 of all bladder tumours
transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)
name the urogenital tumour
bladder & urethra;
LUT signs;
Dx: contrast radiography, ultrasound, cytoscopy, laparotomy;
locoregional, distant metastasis
transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)
what drug treatment can be used as palliative care for an animal with bladder TCC (transitional call carcinoma)
NSAIDs +/- chemotherapy
name 2 common types of epithelial ovarian tumours
- (cyst)adenoma
- (cyst)adenocarcinoma (most common)
what is the treatment for epithelial ovarian tumours:
(cyst)adenoma & (cyst)adenocarcinoma
surgery +/- chemotherapy
what is the most common type of tumour of the female reproductive tract
granulosa cell tumours
name 3 types of germ cell tumours of the female reproduction tract
- teratomas/carcinomas
- dysgerminoma
- teratocarcinoma
name the germ cell tumour of the female repro tract
young dogs;
space occupying mass;
distended abdomen;
can be calcified on abdominal radiography
teratomas/carcinomas
name the germ cell tumour of the female repro tract
rarely symptomatic;
locoregional metastasis
dysgerminoma
name the germ cell tumour of the female repro tract
malignant, regional bone metastasis;
calcified
teratocarcinoma
name 2 differential diagnoses for vaginal tumours
- vaginal hyperplasia
- vaginal prolapse
name the testicular tumour type
not in cats;
1-2cm in diameter, single/multiple;
incidental finding;
usually benign;
scrotal testes
interstitial
name the testicular tumour type
not in cats;
<2cm in diameter;
rarely functional;
usually benign (local invasion);
cryptorchid
seminoma
name the testicular tumour type
largest;
most likely in ectopic testes;
functional;
aplastic anaemia with 80% mortality;
10% locoregional & distant metastatic rate
sertoli cell
name 3 paraneoplastic syndromes associated with testicular tumours
- feminisation
- aplastic anaemia
- prostatic squamous metaplasia
name the 2 most common types of prostatic carcinomas
- adenocarcinoma
- TCC
are prostatic carcinomas prevented by early castration
NO
what is the most common treatment for prostate carcinomas
NSAIDs +/- chemotherapy
what % of mammary tumours in bitches are malignant?
50%
what % of mammary tumours in queens are malignant?
90%
(basically all of them!)
name 3 differentials for mammary tumours
- benign fibroepithelial hyperplasia
- lobular hyperplasia/hyperplastic alveolar nodule
- mastitis
name the type of mammary tumour
cartilage or bone;
disputed histogenesis (myoepithelial metaplasia or stem cell derived);
most common benign tumour (dogs);
circumscribed, mobile, firm, knobbly
mixed mammary tumour
name the type of mammary tumour
alveolar epithelia, myoepithelial;
benign
simple adenoma
name the type of mammary tumour
both epithelial;
benign
complex adenoma
name the type of mammary tumour
epithelial + fibrous tissue;
fibroadenoma
name the type of mammary tumour
different histological subtypes;
rapid growht, noncircumscribed, fixed to skin, may ulcerate
mammary carcinoma
name the type of mammary tumour
ulceration, oedema;
vessel, lymphatic, skin infiltration;
no discrete or palpable mass;
non-surgical
inflammatory carcinoma
what is the treatment of choice for mammary tumours
surgery (early complete resection)
what hormone therapy can be used to treat mammary tumours but isn’t recommended due to severe oestrogenic effects in dogs
anti-oestrogen (Tamoxifen)
