Infectious Diseases (1-7) Flashcards
(216 cards)
1
Q
list 5 risks of vaccinations in cats
A
- anaphylaxis, local reaction
- lameness
- CKD
- signs of flu
- Feline Injection Site Sarcomas (FISS)
2
Q
name the 3 core vaccines for cats in the UK
A
- Feline parvovirus (FPV)
- Feline Calicivirus (FCV)
- Feline Herpes Virus (FHV-1; Feline Rhinotracheitis Virus)
3
Q
What feline vaccine used to be non-core but is becoming a core vaccine this year (2024)?
A
Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)
4
Q
list 3 non-core vaccines for cats
A
- Chlamydia felis
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
- Feline Immunodeficiency Virus; FIV
5
Q
when should core vaccines be given to kittens?
A
8 weeks, 12 weeks, and 16 weeks
6
Q
in what cases should kittens be vaccinated earlier? (<4 weeks old)
A
colostrum-deprived kittens
7
Q
if maternally derived antibodies (MDA) are strong, then when should the kiten be vaccinated
A
at 16+ weeks
8
Q
what proportion of kittens will fail to respond to vaccines at 16 weeks
A
1/3
9
Q
when should the ‘first booster’ of core vaccines be given
A
6 months (or test serology)
10
Q
what is a major risk of B. bronchiseptica (bordatella) vaccine?
A
IN vaccine can infect immunocompromised humans in the household
11
Q
what age should Rabies vaccine first be given to kittens
A
12 weeks (1 dose)
12
Q
how many doses and when should C. felis vaccine be given to kittens
A
2 doses; 8 & 12 weeks
13
Q
how many doses and when should B. bronchiseptica (bordatella) vaccine be given to kittens
A
1 dose, from 4 weeks
14
Q
how many doses and when should FeLV vaccine be given to kittens
A
2 doses; 8 & 12 weeks
15
Q
how many doses of FPV MLV are needed to induce adequate levels of VN antibodies in adult cats with lapsed or unknown vaccine history
A
1 dose
16
Q
how many doses of FCV/FHV-1 vaccine are needed to induce adequate levels of VN antibodies in adult cats with lapsed or unknown vaccine history
A
1-2 doses (q2-4 weeks) depending on risk exposure
17
Q
how many doses of FeLV vaccine are needed to induce adequate levels of VN antibodies in adult cats with lapsed or unknown vaccine history
A
2 doses q2-4 weeks
18
Q
how many doses of C. felis vaccine are needed to induce adequate levels of VN antibodies in adult cats with lapsed or unknown vaccine history
A
2 doses q2-4 weeks
19
Q
what type of vaccine gives better protection for FHV-1?
(dead FVRCP SQ or live MLV FVRCP SQ?)
A
dead vaccines
20
Q
when should FPV vaccines be boostered in cats?
A
every 3 years from 6-12 months
(every year if >15 y/o)
21
Q
when should FCV / FHV-1 vaccines be boostered in cats?
A
every 1-3 years depending on vaccine and risk
22
Q
when should cats be given the first booster for non-core vaccines
A
at 12 months
23
Q
when should C. felis and B. bronchiseptica (bordatella) vaccines be boostered in cats?
A
every year OR 5-7 days prior to anticipated exposure
24
Q
when should FeLV vaccines be boostered in cats?
A
every 1-3 years
(1st at 1y)
25
when should Rabies vaccines be boostered in cats?
every 3 years
26
where should the rabies vaccine be given in cats
R hind
27
where should the FeLV vaccine be given in cats
L hind
28
where should the core vaccines be given in cats
forelimb
29
name 4 ways that feline parvovirus (feline panleukemia virus) can be tramitted
1. oro-fecal transmission
2. direct contact
3. environmental contamination
4. Fomites
30
name the 3 clinical signs if a cat is infected with FPV during early to mid-gestation
1. fetal death
2. resorption
3. abortion
31
name some (5) clinical signs of the kitten if infected with FPV during late gestation
1. profound immuno-suppression
2. thymic atrophy
3. Cerebellar hypoplasia
4. retinal dysplasia (blindness)
5. deafness, seizures
32
4 ways to diagnose FPV in a cat?
1. clinical signs/profound panleukopenia
2. CPV antigen test
3. serology
4. virus isolation from PM tissue, feces
33
name 4 important aspects of supportive care for a kitten/cat with FPV
1. fluid therapy
2. broad spectrum antibiotics
3. anti-emetics
4. analgesia
34
what treatment drug can be given to a cat with FPV?
Feline Interferon omega (Virbagen)
35
aka Haemoplasmosis;
caused by Mycoplasma haemofelis, M. turicensis, M. haemominutum;
associated with FeLV;
transmission via biting
Feline Infectious Anaemia (FIA)
36
what is the ideal treatment for FIA (Feline Infectious Anaemia)?
Pradofloxacin (Fluoroquinolones)
37
what is the prevalence of FeLV and/or FIV in healthy cats?
1-5%
38
what is the prevalence of FeLV and/or FIV in sick cats
15%
39
how is FIV and FeLV most commonly spread?
biting
40
how many cases of FIV eventually develop progressive infection?
ALL OF THEM
41
What are the 3 possible outcomes and probabilities of an FeLV infection
1. 30% progressive infection
2. 30% regressive infection (latency)
3. 30% abortive infection
42
what is the life expectancy for a cat with a progressive FeLV infection
dead within 4 years
43
what is the cutoff time for FeLV to be considered transient vs. persistant
12 weeks
44
name 4 factors that are important in determining the outcome of an FeLV infection
1. age
2. dose of virus
3. breed/inherent susceptibility
4. acquired immunity
45
name 3 common diseases related to FeLV infections
1. immunosuppression (50%)
2. anaemia (25%)
3. neoplastic diseases (5-15%)
46
what is the most important Point of Care Test (POCT) for diagnosing FeLV
ELISA
47
what is the most important confirmatory test for diagnosis of FeLV
quantitative qRT-PCR
48
if FeLV prevalence = 2%
and the test specificity = 99%
what percent of positive results will be false positives?
33%
| (2 true positives & 1 false positive)
49
name 3 causes of false positive test results for FIV
1. maternal Ab in colostrum
2. vaccination
3. technical error
50
what test should always be done to confirm FIV postitive or negative results
RT-PCR!
51
name 2 causes of a false negative test result for FIV
1. 10-20% cases are negative for antibody but positive on VI/PCR
2. technical error
52
what is the prognosis for FeLV
guarded, poor
(50% dead within 6 months)
53
what type of antibiotics should be used to treat FeLV/FIV related illness
bacteriocidal (high dose, longer course)
| (treat aggressively)
54
list some clinical signs of acute cat flu (10 total)
1. conjunctivitis
2. ocular discharge
3. sneezing
4. nasal discharge
5. ulceration (tongue/mouth)
6. excessive salivation
7. inappetance
8. cough
9. depression
10. fever
55
name the two main causes of cat flu
1. Feline Herpes Virus type 1 (FHV-1)
2. Feline Calicivirus (FCV)
56
This virus has a single serotype and consistent pathogenicity that is readily destroyed outside the host;
Up to 80% of recovered cats may become viral carriers and excrete virus under stress, concurrent disease or following the use of corticosteroids
FHV-1
57
This virus has many strains with variable virulence and pathogenicity that is more resistant within the environment and to disinfection;
All affected cats shed this virus for variable periods after resolution of the clinical signs
FCV
58
This is a Gram-negative coccobacillus that can act as a respiratory pathogen in many species, including pigs, dogs, cats and humans (particularly when immuno-compromised);
It can cross species and has potential zoonotic risk;
Affected cats may remain persistently infected and shed bacteria
Bordetella bronchiseptica
59
These are bacteria without classical cell walls;
there is increasing evidence that a
number of them are important in causing/exacerbating cat flu & pneumonia.
Mycoplasma spp.
60
This bacteria has a special predilection for the conjunctiva;
It is an obligate intracellular bacterium;
Affected cats may remain persistently infected and shed bacteria
Chlamydia felis
61
what sample should be taken for isolation & culture or PCR to diagnose cat flu
eye & pharynx swab
62
what is the treatment for cats with cat flu?
| (4 parts)
1. Antibiotics/antivirals
2. immune stimulants
3. nursing care
4. fluid support
63
how long does FHV-1 survive in the environment
< 24 h
64
how long does FCV survive in the environment
9-10 days
(up to 28 days)
65
what is the carrier status for cats infected with FHV-1
80% lifelong carriers but intermittent shedders
66
what is the carrier status for cats infected with FCV
100% shedding at 30 days,
50% at 75 days,
10-25% long-term
67
what is the management for cat flu / how to help prevent it spreading
| (9 ways to manage)
1. decr. stocking density
2. decr. group size
3. incr. air flow
4. sneeze barriers
5. disinfection
6. quarantine
7. isolation kittening and weaning
8. stop breeding
9. vaccination
68
what drugs should NOT be used to treat cat flu
corticosteroids
69
name some clinical signs of VS-FCV (virulent systemic feline calicivirus)
| (10 total)
1. anorexia, lethargy, depression
2. pyrexia
3. subcutaneous oedema/ulcerative dermatitis
4. mouth ulcers
5. nasal discharge
6. respiratory distress
7. ocular discharge
8. jaundice
9. GI signs
10. coagulopathy/systemic vasculitis (DIC)
70
how to handle all suspicious cases of VS-FCV (virulent systemic feline calicivirus)
| (4 things)
1. strict hygeine & quarantine
2. ideally NOT in the vet practice
3. isolation until stopped shedding
4. trace all in-contact cats & quarantine all potential cases
71
what is the cause of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
Feline Coronaviruses (FCoV)
| (FIPV)
72
which type of Feline Coronaviruses (FCoV) cause little or no signs of ill-health
Feline Enteric Coronaviruses (FECV)
73
which type of Feline Coronaviruses (FCoV) can cause FIP
Feline Infectious Peritonitis Viruses (FIPV)
74
what is the pathogenesis for FIPV
| (5 steps)
1. oral infection
2. replication in pharynx & intestines
3. lives in enterocytes
4. systemic infection (immune response)
5. widespread dissemination of virus
75
what age of cats is the most susceptible to FCoV infections causing FIP
< 2 years
76
name 3 clinical features/signs of wet FIP
1. inflammation of blood vessels
2. accumulation of high protein fluid in body cavities
3. ascites, pleural or pericardial effusions
77
which type of FIP tends to be acute and rapidly progressive?
wet FIP
78
which type of FIP tends to be more chronic, vague & insidious?
dry FIP
79
what is the diagnostic test for FIP?
there is NO simple diagnostic test
(diagnosis is challenging)
80
name 4 fluid analysis tests of ascites/pleural fluid that confirm FIP
1. Immunocytochemistry (ICC)
2. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
3. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR)
4. Spike RT-PCR (Idexx)
81
what is currently the most successful treatment for FIP
GS-441524 / Remdesivir (prodrug; GS-5734)
82
Name 3 other treatments for FIP (besides GD-441524 & Remdesivir) that have had limited success (10-30%)
1. Polyprenyl immuno-stimulant (dry FIP)
2. Mefloquine
3. 3C-like protease inhibitor, GC376
83
what is the major source of FCoV?
infected healthy carrier cats
84
name 5 ways to control FIP
1. decr. stress, low disease state
2. separate cats into sero-pos and neg groups
3. close cattery for 6 months
4. stop breeding for 6 months
5. IN vaccine (not great protection)
85
name two examples of lunworm affecting cats in the UK
1. Aelurostrongylus abtrusus
2. Eucoleus aerophilus
86
name 3 ways to diagnose lung worm in a cat
1. faecal exam (Baermann)
2. PCR
3. Throat swab/bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
87
How to treat lungworm in cats?
antihelminthics
(Fenbendazole - Panacur)
88
what is the pathogenesis for Toxoplasmosis in Cats?
| Toxoplasma gondii
1. cats ingest bradyzoites in intermediate hosts
2. replication in intestine
3. sexual reproduction
4. oocytsts shed in feces
| (entero-epithelial cycle)
89
how long does it take for Toxoplasma gondii oocysts passed in cat feces to sporulate and become infectious?
3 days
90
how long can Toxoplasma gondii oocysts survive in the environment?
> 1 year
91
how long will a previously unexposed cat shed T. gondii oocysts
3-10 days
92
will immune cats still shed T. gondii oocysts?
no
93
how to diagnose Toxoplasmosis in cats
1. detection by qPCR
2. organism in tissues (definitive diagnosis - problematic)
94
name 3 ways to treat Toxoplasmosis in cats
1. Clindamycin
2. Azithromycin
3. Prednisolone (on starting Tx w/ CNS infection)
95
what percent of adult humans are Ab positive for T. gondii
30-70%
96
most humans infected with T. gondii are asymptomatic; BUT when can infection be a risk
previously unexposed woman infected during pregnancy
97
what increases the risk of toxoplasmosis in humans
eating undercooked meat
(NOT contact with cats)
98
name 4 clinical signs/the pathogenesis of Feline Cow Pox
1. small ulcerated nodule (from bite)
2. secondary bacterial infection (cellulitis)
3. nasal discharge, pneumonia & diarrhea after 5 days replication
4. viremia to skin & many skin lesions after 10 days-several weeks
99
how to diagnose Feline cow pox
1. Pox crust - PCR
2. Skin/lung FNA/biopsies
3. positive Ab titre
100
does Feline cow pox have a risk of zoonosis
YES, occassional, esp. in immunocompromised
101
what is the treatment for feline cow pox
most heal (slowly);
maybe covering antibiotics
102
what are the two types of Feline Mycobacterial Infections
1. tuberculosis
2. non-tuberculosis
103
name 3 causes of Feline Tuberculosis
1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2. M. microti
3. M. bovis
104
name 6 clinical signs of feline tuberculosis
1. cutaneous lesions
2. lymphadenopathy
3. resp. signs
4. arthritis
5. weight loss
6. occular signs
105
name 4 radiographic signs of feline tuberculosis in the chest
1. lung changes (diffuse)
2. incr. lymph nodes
3. mineralization
4. pleural/pericardial fluid
106
name 5 radiographic signs of feline tuberculosis in the abdomen
1. enlargement of spleen/liver
2. enlargement of mesenteric LN
3. abd. masses
4. ascites
5. mineralization
107
name 2 radiographic signs of feline tuberculosis in the skeleton
1. osteomyelitis
2. periarticular mineralization
108
what is the main clinical sign of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) infections in cats
panniculitis, cutaneous nodules
109
what is the treatment for Feline TB
3 drugs for 3 months
(2 months beyond clinical resolution)
| (Rifampcin-Pradofloxacin-Azithromycin)
110
what kind of virus is Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)?
(enveloped? DNA/RNA? ss/ds?)
enveloped
RNA
single strand
111
how is Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) spread?
aerosol
112
what 3 things does the outcome of an infection depend on?
1. immune status
2. tropisms
3. virulence
113
name 5 GI clinical signs of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)
1. vomiting
2. diarrhea
3. anorexia
4. dehydration
5. weight loss
114
name 3 respiratory clinical signs of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)
1. coughing
2. bronchopneumonia
3. oculo-nasal discharge
115
name 4 ocular clinical signs of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)
1. bilateral muco-purulent conjunctivitis
2. KCS ('dry eye')
3. optic neuritis
4. retinal degeneration
116
name 3 dermatological clinical signs of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)
1. pustular dermatitis
2. nasal & digital hyperkeratosis
3. "hard-pad"
117
name 4 neurological clinical signs of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)
1. vestibular
2. seizures
3. myoclonus
4. ataxia
118
what dental clinical sign can be seen with Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)
enamel & dentine damage
(with neonatal infection)
119
name 4 non-specific laboratory abnormalities that may be present with Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)
1. absolute lymphopenia
2. distemper inclusions on blood smears
3. non-specific serum changes related to dehydration
4. incr. protein content & cell count in CSF
120
what 3 specific diagnostics can be performed to diagnose Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)
1. IFA test on conjunctical smears (Ag)
2. ELISA anti-CDV IgG (Ab)
3. qRT-PCR on CSF, resp. secretions (virus DNA)
121
name 5 supportive therapies that can be given to treat a dog with Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)
1. IVFT (intravenous fluid therapy)
2. anti-emetics
3. antibiotics for secondary infections
4. analgesia for visceral pain
5. anticonvulsants
122
what is an upcoming treatment for Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)
| (new specific antiviral in the last 2 years, not available yet)
Favipiravir
123
what kind of virus is Infectious Canine Hepatitis - Canine Adenovirus-1 (CAV-1)?
| (enveloped? dna/rna? ss/ds?)
non-enveloped
DNA
double stranded
124
what virus causes Infectious Canine Hepatitis
Canine Adenovirus-1 (CAV-1)
125
how is Infectious Canine Hepatitis transmitted?
oro-nasal infection
(NOT aerosol)
126
name 6 hepatic clinical signs seen with Infectious Canine Hepatitis
1. hepatocellular necrosis
2. jaundice
3. abdominal distention
4. hepatomegaly
5. abdominal pain
6. hepatic encephalopathy (CNS)
127
following oronasal infection, where does CAV-1 (canine adenovirus-1) initially localize?
the tonsils
128
name 4 vascular clinical signs seen with Infectious Canine Hepatitis
1. petechiation
2. ecchymoses
3. epistaxis
4. intracranial bleeding (CNS sign)
129
what ocular sign can be seen with Infectious Canine Hepatitis
corneal oedema "blue eye"
130
name 4 acute differential diagnoses for jaundice
(besides Infectious Canine Hepatitis)
1. acute haemolysis (IMHA)
2. Leptospirosis
3. Acute toxicity (paracetamol, mycotoxins)
4. Acute obstruction (pancreatitis)
131
name 4 non-specific diagnostics for Infectious Canine Hepatitis
1. leukopenia, lymphopenia, neutropenia
2. raised ALT, AST and SAP
3. proteinuria
4. coagulation abnormalities
132
name 3 specific diagnostics for Infectious Canine Hepatitis
1. PCR (viral DNA)
2. Anti-CAV-1 Ab (serology)
3. Histopathology (post-mortem)
133
what is the treatment for Infectious Canine Hepatitis?
non-specific, supportive of symptoms
134
what is the prognosis for Infectious Canine Hepatitis
guarded;
die or recover within 14 days
| (10-30% mortality)
135
what 3 viruses are associated with causing canine viral enteritis?
1. Parvovirus (CPV) 1 and 2
2. canine coronavirus
3. canine rotavirus
136
what kind of virus is Canine parvovirus (CPV)?
| (enveloped? dna/rna? ss/ds?)
non-enveloped
DNA
double stranded
137
what does canine parvovirus require for replication
actively dividing host cells
138
what 3 tissues does canine parvovirus (CPV) have tropism for?
1. bone marrow
2. intestinal epithelial cells
3. fetal tissues
139
how is canine parvovirus (CPV) transmitted
oronasal
140
which canine parvovirus (CPV) causes Parvoviral enteritis?
CPV-2
141
following oronasal exposure, where does viral replication of canine parvovirus (CPV) occur (3 places)
1. local lymphoid tissues of the oropharynx
2. mesenteric lymph nodes
3. thymus
142
name 2 specific diagnostics for canine parvovirus (CPV)
1. Faecal antigen test
2. PCR (viral Ag/DNA in feces)
143
what is the treatment for Canine Parvoviral Enteritis
symptomatic/supportive
(Interferon omega)
144
what myocardial clinical sign may be seen with Canine Parvoviral Enteritis?
myocarditis (uncommon)
145
name 5 clinical signs that may be seen with the gastrointestinal form of Canine Parvoviral Enteritis
1. severe vomiting and diarrhea
2. foul-smelling bloody diarrhea
3. pyrexia followed by hypothermia
4. DIC
5. neurological signs
146
what is the biggest vector/reservoir host of Leptospirosis
Rattus Norwegian
(Norwegian rat)
147
what is the primary reservoir host of Leptospira interrogans icterohaemorrhagica?
rat
(L2 vaccine UK)
148
what is the primary reservoir host of Leptospira interrogans canicola?
dog
(L2 vaccine UK)
149
name 4 ways Leptospires can be transmitted by direct exposure
1. urine
2. bite wounds
3. placental transfer
4. ingestion of infected tissue
150
name 1 way Leptospires can be transmitted by indirect exposure
contaminated water sources
| (environmental)
151
where do Leptospires penetrate first before multiplying and spreading to other tissues
mucus membranes
152
what kind of bacteria is Leptospira interrogans
gram negative
spiral
153
what two organs does bacteraemia caused by Leptospires have the biggest effect on
liver and kidneys
154
what is recovery from Leptospirosis dependent on?
increase in serovar-specific antibody
| (7-8 days after infection)
155
156
name 5 clinical signs seen with acute form of Leptospirosis
1. anorexia, vomiting, abd. pain
2. oliguria/anuria, or polyuria
3. jaundice
4. petechiation
5. dyspnoea
157
name 4 clinical signs seen with chronic form of Leptospirosis
1. pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO)
2. chronic kidney disease
3. hepatic disease
4. anterior uveitis
158
name 3 non-specific laboratory findings for a dog with Leptospirosis
1. leukocytosis +/- thrombocytopenia
2. indicators of renal dysfunction (incr. urea, creatinine, SDMA; decr. USG)
3. indicators of hepatic injury/dysfunction (incr. ALT, [S]AP, bilirubin
159
name 2 non-specific radiographic findings for a dog with Leptospirosis
1. incr. renomegaly and echogenicity
2. hepatomegaly and biliary sludge
160
name 3 serological techniques for a specific diagnosis of Leptospirosis
1. Microscopic agglutiation testing (MAT)
2. in-house ELISAs
3. LipL 32 PCR on urine or blood
| (ideally combine PCR with MAT)
161
what stain should be used on tissue (liver and kidney) for Leptospirosis identification
IFA or silver stains
162
what kind of microscope must be used for Leptospirosis identification
dark field microscopy
163
what is the specific treatment/therapy for Leptospirosis
Antibiotics
(Amoxiclav or Doxy)
164
what is the prognosis for Leptospirosis?
Fair with prompt treatment
165
what are the 5 primary pathogens of Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex (CIRDC)
1. Bordatella Bronchiseptica
2. Canine Distemper virus (CDV)
3. Canine Adenovirus-2 (CAV-2)
4. Canine parainfluenza virus (PI3)
5. Canine influenza virus (CIV)
166
what is Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex (CIRDC) also known as
Kennel Cough
167
name 4 ways that Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex (CIRDC) is transmitted
| (kennel cough)
1. airborne transmission
2. oronasal exposure
3. environmental conditions
4. high stocking density
168
name 4 clinical signs of Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex (CIRDC)
| (kennel cough)
1. paroxysmal coughing (3-10d following exposure)
2. dry 'hacking' cough
3. retching with expectoration
4. bronchopneumonia or rhinitis/conjunctivitis (from secondary opportunistic infectons)
169
how to treat an "uncomplicated" case of Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex (CIRDC) with no bronchopneumonia
NSAID
anti-tussive?
antibiotics?
170
how to treat a "complicated" case of Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex (CIRDC) with bronchopneumonia
1. antibiotics (based on cuture/sensitivity)
2. supportive therapy
171
name the 3 core vaccines for dogs in the UK
1. CPV (canine parvovirus)
2. CDV (canine distemper virus)
3. ICH (infectious canine hepatitis)
172
name 3 non-core vaccines for dogs in the UK
1. Lepto
2. B. bronchiseptica
3. ParaInfluenza
173
when should the Lepto vaccine be given to puppies?
at 8 weeks then either 10w (L2) or 12w (L4)
| (4-6 weeks with L4)
174
name the 5 requirements of the Pet Travel Scheme (PETS) for pet travel outside of the UK
1. travel insurance
2. micro-chipped for ID
3. rabies vaccination (21 days b4 travel)
4. animal health certificate (<10 days before)
5. treatment for tapeworms for dogs
175
name 4 clinical signs of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection (transmitted by Ixodes ricinus)
1. fever
2. anorexia
3. cough
4. lame
176
how to diagnose Anaplasma phagocytophilum?
1. Serology (antibody) (IDEXX SNAP 4Dx)
2. PCR
177
how to treat Anaplasma phagocytophilum?
Doxycycline 2-4 weeks
178
what two bacteria do Ixodes ricinus ticks transmit
1. Anaplasma phagocytophilum
2. Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
179
how long of tick attachment does transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) require?
> 24 h
180
name 7 clinical signs of Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
1. fever
2. anorexia
3. swollen painful joints
4. lymphadenopathy
5. glomerulonephritis
6. neurological
7. myocarditis
181
how to diagnose Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
1. history (tick exposure)
2. clinical signs
3. serology (antibody)
4. PCR (poor sensitivity)
182
how to treat Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
doxycycline
183
what cells does Erlichiosis (Erlichia canis) infect
monocytes
184
what is the incubation period of Erlichiosis (Erlichia canis)
8-20 days
185
what tick transmits Erlichiosis (Erlichia canis)
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
186
name 5 acute clinical signs of Erlichiosis (Erlichia canis)
1. fever, anorexia
2. lymphadenopathy
3. bleeding diatheses
4. splenomegaly
5. immune-complex deposition
187
what is a chronic clinical sign of Erlichiosis (Erlichia canis)
bone marrow pancytopenia
188
how to diagnose Erlichiosis (Erlichia canis)
1. history
2. CBC/chem
3. Cytology
4. Serology
5. PCR (confirmatory test)
189
what is the definitive treatment for Erlichiosis (Erlichia canis)
doxycycline (10-30d)
Pradofloxacin
190
how long of attachment is needed for transmission of Babesiosis (Babesia canis)
~3h
191
which tick transmits Babesiosis (Babesia canis)
Dermacentor reticulatus
192
what cell type does Babesiosis (Babesia canis) affect
Red blood cells
193
name 5 clinical signs of Babesiosis (Babesia canis)
1. haemolysis (jaundice/haemoglobulinuria/anaemia)
2. pyrexia
3. anorexia
4. lymphadenopathy
5. splenomegaly
194
how to diagnose Babesiosis (Babesia canis)
1. history
2. CBC/chem
3. cytology
4. capillary blood
5. PCR
195
how to treat large Babesiosis (Babesia canis)
Imidocarb (6.6 mg/kg IM)
| (1 dose, poss. repeat in 15 d)
196
name 3 supportive treatments for Babesiosis (Babesia canis)
1. IVFT
2. Blood transfusion
3. corticosteroids
197
what insect transmits Leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum)
Phlebotomus sandfly
198
what is the incubation period for Leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum)
3 month - 7 years
199
is Leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum) zoonotic?
yes
(from the sandlies, not from the dog)
200
name 5 clinical signs of cutaneous form of Leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum)
1. non-pruritic dermatitis and ulcers
2. dry desquamation and alopecia
3. focal pr diffuse nodular changes
4. hyperkeratosis
5. onychogryphosis (incr. nail growth)
201
name 5 clinical signs of visceral form of Leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum)
1. generalized lymphadenopathy
2. hepato-splenomegaly
3. immune mediated (GN/IMPA/UV)
4. epistaxis
5. neurological signs
202
name the two forms of Leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum)
1. cutaneous form (90%)
2. visceral form (10%)
203
how to diagnose Leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum)
1. history
2. CBC/chem (globulins)
3. urine
4. cytology (often confirmed here)
5. serology (for longterm monitoring of Ab)
6. PCR
204
what are the 3 treatment options for Leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum)
1. Meglumine antimonate (painful, daily injections)
2. Miltefosine + Allopurinol
3. Domperidone (boosts immunity, for stage 1 only)
205
can you cure Leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum)
NO
risk of relapse
| (4-6 y after treatment)
206
what virus family is Rabies a part of
Lyssavirus
(Rhabdoviridae)
207
what disease has the highest mortality rate of any infectious disease
Rabies
208
what kind of virus is Rabies?
| (enveloped? DNA/RNA?)
enveloped
RNA
209
what kind of virus is easier to kill/survives for shorter time in environment
enveloped
210
name the 3 stages of Rabies
1. predromal
2. excitement
3. paralytic
211
name 3 signs of the predromal stage of Rabies
1. different behavior
2. pupil dilation 3rd eyelid
3. ptyalism
212
name 4 signs of the excitement stage of Rabies
1. viscous
2. dysphonia
3. pytalism
4. hydrophobia?
213
how to diagnose Rabies
post-mortem brain
214
how to treat a bitten vaccinated dog
vaccinate again and wait
(nothing effective once signs present)
215
what kind of bacteria is Brucellosis (Brucella canis)
gram-negative
216
how is Brucellosis (Brucella canis) transmitted
1. Venereal (mainly semen and vaginal secretions)
2. aborted material
