Repro Flashcards
stages of bitch cycle
pro-oestrous –> oestrous –> met/dioestrous –> aboestrous
Age of puberty
Crequency of oestrous cycles
Dog:
- 6-12 months
- every 4-13 (6) months
cat:
- 6-9 months
- seasonally polyoestrous, anoestrous in autumn/winter
- induced ovulation
Prooestrous
- length
- hormones levels
- cells
- signs
- 9 days
- increasing oestrogen until 2 days before the end
- progesterone is low throughout
- vulval swelling, serosanguinous discharge, attractive to males but won’t stand to be mated
early:
- parabasal cells
- RBCs
- few neutrophils
late:
- increasing cornified superficial cells
- fewer RBS
- rare neutrophils
Oestrous
- length
- hormones levels
- cells
- signs
- 9 days
- LH peak after 24-48 hours
- leueinisation begins before ovulation, so progesterone is rising
- decreasng oestrogen
- ovulation 2 days after LH surge
- oocyte takes 2-3 days to mature
signs:
- vulval swelling
- discharge becomes straw-coloured
- attractive to males
- tail to one side
- will stand to be mated
cells:
- cornified superficial epithelial cells (>90%)
- fewer RBS
- no neutrophils
- reappearance of nucleated parabasal cells at the end of oestrous
Dioestrous
- length
- hormones levels
- cells
- signs
- 56-58 days
- progesterone is high
- oestrogen is decreasing
- increase in prolactin (stays high)
signs:
- vulval swelling subsides
- no longer stands to be mated
- gradual mammary development
- increase in abdominal distension
cells:
- cornified superficial epithelial cells > nucleated parabasal cells
Anoestrous
- 2-9 months
- decrease in progesterone and remains low
- period of uterine involution
cells:
- parabasal
- no RBCs
- few neutrophils
Feline oestrous
- rolling
- calling/vocalisation
- lordosis
- no discharge
- vulval slightly swollen (but hard to tell)
- 6-8 days
Mating
LH surge on day 0 –> ovulation day 2-3 –> maturation of oocyte day 4-5 –> stays fertile until say 7-8
sperm stays in tract 7 days
aim to breed days 4-7
Tests for mating
LH surge:
- when >1ng/ml
- peak only lasts 12-24 hours
- test every 24 horus
Progesterone:
- increases before pvulation
- 2-3ng/ml at time of LH surge
- 5-8nd/ml at time of ovulation
- in house ELISA
- measure every 48 hours
cytology
- when cornified superficial cells are >70%, if see neutrophils you are too late!
low cost:
- mate 10-12 days after start of oestrous (onset of discharge) and repeat 1-2 days later
reasons for infertility
- management
- physical/structural cause
- infectious disease
- concurrent disease
- male
abnormal bitch cycling reasons (4)
Primary anoestrous (not cycling by 2y/o)
- hypothyroidism
- husbandry
- hermophroditism
- systemic disease
- previous OVH
- silent heat
increase in inter-oestrous length
- breed (wolf)
- hypothyroidism
decrease in inter-oestrous lenth
- breed (GSD)
- split heat
- uterine disease
persistent oestrous
- ovarian cyst
- granulosa cell tumour
abnormal mating
- female
- male
female:
- too dominant
- congenital vaginal spectum/stricture
- vaginal fold prolapse
male:
- submissive/frightened
- pain
- poor libido (GnRH)
Problems conceiving
- canine herpes virus
- canine brucellosis (not in UK)
- subclinical uterine infection
- hypoluteoidism
inadequate sperm:
- no sperm in ejaculate (azoospermia)
- too few sperm in ejaculate (oligozoospermia)
- abnomal motility and/or conformation
Split oestrous
- bitch comes into season
- only pro-oestrous then signs regress and doesn’t ovulate
- enters anoestrous and has a full ovulation 2-4 weeks later
Ovarian cysts
- follicular
- luteal
signs:
- prolonged anoestrous
- continued oestrous
- infertility
- pain
