Dyspnoea Flashcards
Pneumothorax:
causes (3)
Diagnosis (2)
Treatment (3)
causes:
- traumatic
- secondary to cysts/necrosis
- iatrogenic
diagnosis:
- increased resonance on ausculation
- heart raised of sternum on x ray
Treatment:
- none
- drain
- surgery (lobectomy/pleurodesis)
Pleural Effusion: kinds and causes
transudate: hypoalbumaemia
modified transudate:
- CHF
- neoplasia
- lung lobe torsion
- ruptured diaphragm
haemorrhare: trauma/clotting disorder
pyothorax/ exudative pleurisy cause
Intrapleural bacterial infection
Pyothorax/exudative pleurisy CS
- dyspnoea ± lethargy, inappetence, pyrexia, anorexia
- ventral thorax dullness
- ± leucocytosis
- ± anaemia
Pyothorax/exudative pleurisy causes (5)
causes:
- pneumonia
- penetrating wound
- haematogenous/lymphatic
- FB
- iatrogenic
Pyothorax/exudative pleurisy treatment (4)
- thoracic drainage
- systemic ± local ABs
- pleural lavage
- thoracotomy
Pyothorax/exudative pleurisy bacteria
cats: bacteroides, fusobacterium, clostridia, pasteurella, step, staph
dogs: actinomyces, norcardia, bacterioides
Chylous affusion causes (5)
- neoplasia
- trauma
- congenital
- congestive HF in cats
- idiopathic
Chylous affusion treatment (5)
- drain
- put on low fat diet
- diuretics (especially CHF)
- rutin (aids fluid absorption
- surgery: thoracic duct ligation and peridectemy
Diagnosis of Pleural disease
radiographs: lose cardiac silhoette & irregular lung loves US CT/MRI pleural fluidology and culture biopsy
Mediastinal masses: physical effects (6)
- venous obstruction
- dyspnoea (plerual effusion/airway compression/space occupying/laryngeal paralysis)
- dysphagia
- horners syndrome
- hypertropic osteopathy
- myestenia gravis
Causes of dyspnoea
- general (7)
- pulmonary (7)
- pneumonthorax
- pleural effusions
- mediastinal masses
- megaoesophagous
- pneumomediastinum
- mediastinitis
- mediastinal haemorrhage
pulmonary:
- neoplasia
- fibrosis
- pneumonia
- paraquat
- oedema
- haemorrhage
- PTE
Pulmonary Fibrosis disease
middle-old aged dogs
gradual onset with progressive deteriorisation
can be secondary
Pulmonary Fibrosis CS (5)
- dyspnoea
- tachypnoea
- exercise intollerance
- cough
- crackles on auscultation
Pulmonary Fibrosis Treatment (2)
Anti inflammatory (glucocortiocids/cyclophosphamide) bronchodilators
Paraquat poisoning
- what
- CS
- disease
- prognosis
in herbicides
causes sever dyspnoea
initial alveolitis leads to fibrosis
hopeless prognosis
Pneumonia causes (7)
- megaoesophagous
- viral (feline calicivirus, pox, distemper, adeno, parainflluenza)
- bacterial (bordetella, strep, mycobacterium)
- parasitic (ascarids, alurostrogylus, angiostrongylus)
- mycotic
- protozoal (tozoplasma)
- ciliary dyskinesia
- immundefiecnecy
Pneumonia treament (3)
- ABs
- hydration: releases secretions to cough up
- NSAIDs?
Pulmonary oedema causes (4)
- cardiogenic
- toxic
- anaphylaxis/shock
- neurogenic
Pulmonary Oedema treatment (3)
- diuretics
- oxygen
- treat underlying cause
Pulmonary haemorrhage causes (4)
- trauma
- coagulopathies
- pulmonary thromboembolism
- angiostrongylus vasorum
Pulmonary thromboembolism causes (6)
- heart worm
- nephrotic syndrome (loss of AT3)
- bacterial endocarditis
- hyperadrenocorticoism (cushings)
- IMHA
- iatrogenic
Pulmonary thromboembolism CS (3)
- dyspnoea
- hypoxaemia
- sudden death
Pulmonary thromboembolism treatment (2)
- heparin
- thrombolysis
Pulmonary thromboembolism diagnosis
by exclusion
laryngeal paralysis
- causes (3)
- treatment (1)
causes:
neurological
-muscular
-neuromuscular
treatment: surgical unless neurmuscular
Tracheal collapse CS (3)
- cough
- dyspnoea
- secondary respiratory disease
Tracheal collapse management
- acute (5)
- chronic (6)
acute:
- acetylpromazine
- oxygen
- cool environment
- short acting corticosteroids
- opioids
chronic:
- control obesity
- use harness
- avoid exercising when hot
- environment hygiene
- avoid respiratory infections
- avoid barking and excitement
Tracheal collapse treatment (6)
- antitussives (butorphanol/codeine photphate)
- bronchodilators
- methylxanthines
- B-adrenergic agonists (terbutaline)
- anti inflammatory (corticosteroid)
- ABs
Feline asthma
CS (2)
management acute (2) and chronic (3)
CS: dyspnoea and cough
acute:
- Bronchodialtor (terbutaline/salbutamol/adrenaline/atropine
- Corticosteroids (methylprednisilone/dexamethasone)
chronic:
- Bronchodilator (salbutamol/salmeterol/terbualin/theophyline)
- ABs (doxycycline/enrofloxacin)
- Corticosteroids (Prednisilone)
