Representation of Knowledge Flashcards
What are arguments (in relation to Kintsch’s idea of propositional representation)?
The propositional representation represents the meaning of each sentence as a list consisting of a relation and arguments. Arguments refer to particular times, places, people or things.
Explain the amodal symbol system.
Elements within the system are inherently nonperceptual. The representation of a stimulus is abstracted away from the verbal or visual modality.
Explain the dual-code theory.
The dual-code theory claims that we represent information in combined verbal and visual codes. If we hear a sentence, we also develop a visual image of what it describes. If we later remember the visual image and not the sentence, we will remember what it was about, not its exact words.
Explain the amodal hypothesis.
We have systems for converting any type of perceptual or motor representation into an abstract representation of its meaning and the other way around.
What are default values?
typical features of an attribute that don’t exclude other possible values
What is embodied cognition?
Embodied cognition focuses on how motor action connects us to the environment. According to embodied cognition we basically act out words or sentences in our minds to make sense of them.
What are exemplar theories?
Exemplar theories assume that we store no central concept or prototype about categories. Instead our ability to categorise objects and events come from our specific experiences with them. We then make assumptions or predictions about a specific category, by averaging all our specific experiences together.
Isa links
Isa links connect categories to their parent category in a semantic network.
What are mirror neurons?
Mirror neurons are neurons that activate both when an individual performs a specific action or observes someone else doing said action.
What is a mnemonic technique?
Techniques to help us remember things, usually by finding meaningful associations or patterns. Mnemonic means memory assisting. An example of a mnemonic technique is the keyword method for learning new vocabulary.
Explain the multimodal hypotesis.
We have various representations tied to different perceptual and motor systems, and we have means of directly converting one representation to another.
What is the perceptual symbol system?
Barselou (1999): A system, where information is always represented in terms that are specific to a particular perceptual modality (vision, audition, etc.).
What is a proposition?
The smallest unit of knowledge that can stand as a separate assertion (the smallest unit that can be judged true or false).
What is propositional representation?
A representation of the meaning of something as a set of propositions.
Kintsch (1974): Propositional representations represent meaning as a list containing a relation followed by an ordered list of arguments.
Explain the prototype hypotesis.
We store a single prototype of what a
member of a category is like and classify specific objects or events in terms of their similarity to that prototype.
