Expertise

Question 1

Three phases of skill acquisition (Fitts & Posner, 1967)

Answer 1

1. Cognitive phase
2. Associative phase
3. Autonomous phase

Attentional demands are reduced. Efficiency is increased

Question 2

Cognitive phase

Answer 2

Set of facts relevant to the skill gets comitted to memory (explicit memory)

Question 3

Associative phase

Answer 3

1. Errors in the initial understanding are gradually detected and eliminated
2. The connections among the various elements required for successful performance are strengthened

Question 4

Autonomous phase

Answer 4

The procedure becomes more and more automatic and rapid

Question 5

Proceduralization

Answer 5

The process of converting the deliberate use of declarative knowledge into pattern-driven application of procedural knowledge

cogitive phase -> associative phase

Question 6

Expertise

Answer 6

Refers to the possession of advanced skill and extensive knowledge in a particular domain.

Question 7

Tactic

Answer 7

A method of accomplishing a particular goal

Question 8

Strategic learning

Answer 8

The process of learning how to organize one’s problem solving to capitalize on the general structure of a class of problems. Putting pieces together.
The different subjects need different strategies in order to solve the questions, which is why you can’t just use the same strategy for every problem you have.

Question 9

fusiform area

Answer 9

Important for recognizing faces and also engaged inprocessing other stimuli for which people have acquired high level of expertise

Question 10

Hippocampus

Answer 10

Important for memory and learning. It plays a significant role in retaining and accessing domain-specific knowledge.

Question 11

Tactical learning

Answer 11

Learning of the sequences of actions required to solve problemsor their component parts

Question 12

Deliberate practice

Answer 12

The learner is motivated to learn, is given feedback on their performance, and carefully monitores how well their performance corresponds to the correct performance and where there are deviations. Important for neural growth

Question 13

Basal Ganglia

Answer 13

Plays a crucial role in skill automation. As individuals become experts, their actions and decisions become increasingly automatic

Question 14

Chunking

Answer 14

The process of organizing information into meaningful and manageable chunks that makes it easier to retrieve and apply when needed

Question 15

Intelligent tutoring systems

Answer 15

Computer systems that interact with student while they are learning and solving problems (much as human tutors)

Question 16

Componential analysis

Answer 16

An analysis of the topic and which elements in this topic someone is supposed to learn.

Question 17

Mastery learning

Answer 17

Performance on each of the components underlying the cognitive skill is followed by a tutor who ensures that all components are mastered

Question 18

Negative transfer

Answer 18

When previous knowledge prevents you from solving a new task efficiently (I.e. functional fixedness, set effects)

Question 19

Positive transfer

Answer 19

When previous knowledge enables you to perform a new task in a more efficient way

Question 20

Theory of identical elements (Thorndike)

Answer 20

If elements in two domains match, transfer is more likely to occur.

Question 21

Changes happening when becoming an expert

Answer 21

Quantitive change- more practice results in more efficient mental execution

Qualitative change- skill execution becomes better with practice

Question 22

Power Law of Learning

Answer 22

Skill improvement tends to slow down as one approaches expertise

Question 23

Pattern recognition

Answer 23

When acquiring expertise, we no longer have to think about what to do next; we just recognize what is appropriate for the situation