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Foundations Test 1 > Replication and Transcription > Flashcards

Replication and Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

Protein machine that performs replication is called a

A

Replisome

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2
Q

Replisomes begin at _____

A

Origins

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3
Q

Replication forks

A

Sites of new DNA syntehsis

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4
Q

DNA polymerase vs. RNA polymerase

A

DNA polymerase has to have a short RNA to start…DNA cannot start polymer

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5
Q

What is proofreading activity of DNA polymerase

A

3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

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6
Q

Why do drugs like AZT work?

A

Viral reverse transcriptases lack proofreading ability…once substituted, it kills the virus

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7
Q

Leading vs. lagging strand

A

Leading continuous

Lagging - okazaki and discontinuous

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8
Q

WHat makes short RNA primer?

A

RNA primase…on boht leading and lagging strand

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9
Q

Replication promotes ____ in front and ______ behind

A

Positive supercoiling in front (overwound)

Negative supercoiling behind (unwound )

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10
Q

Helicase

A

Unzips double helix

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11
Q

Topoisomerases

A

Relieve supercoil tension

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12
Q

Type 1 topoisomerases

A

Cut one of the strands and allow it to make a turn…then re-lligate

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13
Q

Type 2 topoisomerase

A

Cut both stands and pass another stand through…then re-ligate the two cut strands

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14
Q

Etoposide

A

Interferes with Topo 2 function…this inhibits replication during rapidly dividing cells

Locks the enzyme onto the DNA…triggers apoptosis

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15
Q

5-FU

A

5-flurouracil
Converted to FdUMP which inhibits thymidylate synthase…results in lower levels of dTMP (made to use dTTP) and less replication

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16
Q

Thymidylate synthase reaction

A

dUMP to dTMP (leads to dTTP which leads to replication)

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17
Q

Werner Syndrome

A

Mutation in replication helicases

Rapid-aging disease

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18
Q

Errors in replication that lead to nucleotide repeats that lead to repeat number increasing

A

Nucleotide expansion diseases

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19
Q

When and why do nucleotide expansions occur?

A

When trinucleotide repeats form hairpins…due to self-complpimentary nature

20
Q

Nucleotide expansion occurs if

A

Hairpin forms on new DNA strand…DNA polymerase is “snapped back”

21
Q

Nucleotide deletion occurs if

A

Hairpin forms on template DNA strand…DNA polymerase jumps over gap

22
Q

If expansion or deletion is not detected,

A

It will be replicated and become permanent…this means even a higher chance that more will occur

23
Q

Spinocerebellar ataxia

A

Nucleotide expansion disease

CAG expansion

24
Q

Anticipation

A

Children of people with nucleotide expansion syndromes often show symptoms at an earlier age

25
Q

Child nucleotide repeat length vs. parents

A

Longer

26
Q

RNA has same sequence as ____ and completementary to _____

A

Top strand

Bottom strand

27
Q

Transcription is regulated by

A

Proteins that bind to gene promoters and regulate whether RNA polymerase can bind

28
Q

Activators

A

Help RNA polymerase bind

29
Q

Repressors

A

inhibit RNA polymerase from binding

30
Q

Proteins that bind promoters recognize

A

Things like TATA CAAT and GC boxes

31
Q

In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase cannot bind unitil

A

TF2D binds first

32
Q

TF2D has ____ subunit

A

TATA Binding protein

33
Q

What has to happen to RNA polymerase before it can transcribe?

A

Kinase must phosphorylate

34
Q

TNF-alpha stimulates cytokines gene expression via

A

NF-kB

35
Q

Steroid is a

A

Ligand that allows receptor to bind and turn on transcription of genes important for specialized function of cells

36
Q

Steps of steroid hormones

A 
Binding of steroid hormone to receptr
Translocation of complex to nucleus 
Binding of complex to DNA regulatory site 
Transcription
Translation
37
Q

Diseases from promoter sequences

A

Thalassemias
GPI deficiency
Alzheimer’s APP

38
Q

Promoter mutations can cause disease by

A

Increasing or decreasing transcription of a gene

39
Q

HNF1-beta

A

Hepatocyte Nuclear factor 1-beta
Important for liver, kidney, pancreas
Mutations cause diabetes, liver, and renal disease

40
Q

MODY

A

Maturity onset diabetes of youth

Mutations of transcriptions factor

41
Q

Transcription facotr diseases

A

MODY

Diseases of Hepatocyte Nuclear factor 1-beta

42
Q

Androgen receptor

A

Stimulated by DHT to drive male develpoment and secondary sex characteristics

43
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A 
Female external
Blind ending vagina 
Tests (undescended)
Higher testosterone than average F 
Heterosexual female ID 
Most present when menstruation does not begin
44
Q

Mildest form of AIS

A

Male genitals, infertility

45
Q

COmplete AIS

A

Female genitals with little/no pubic underarm hair

46
Q

People with complete AIS are

A

Infertile and lack fallopian tubes/uterus

47
Q

Amanita Phalloides

A

Flu-like symtoms
Contains alpha-amanitin
Inhibits RNA polymerase 2

Foundations Test 1 (15 decks)

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