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Foundations Test 1 > Mitosis and Meiosis, Chromosomes and Karyotypes > Flashcards

Mitosis and Meiosis, Chromosomes and Karyotypes Flashcards

1
Q

Homolog

A

Chromosome similar in size and sequence

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2
Q

Somatic cells vs. germ

A

Diploid vs haploid

46 vs 23

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3
Q

What accounts for normal genome variation

A

SNP - most common
Indels
Microsatellites
CNV

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4
Q

Gene duplication possiblities

A

Degradation —- loss
Neofunctionalization - New function
Subfunctionalization - different function

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5
Q

Arms of chromosome

A

P - short

Q - long

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6
Q

Area betwen P and q arm

A

Centromere

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7
Q

Composition of chromosome

A

DNA and protein

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8
Q

How to do a karyotype?

A

Giesma stained
Arrange by size with homologs next to each other
Large scale can be visualized

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9
Q

Philidelphia chromosome disease and numbers

A

9 and 22

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (also ALL and AML)

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10
Q

Phildelphia chromosome mutation that occurs

A

Translocation
ABL moves from 9 to 22
BCR and ABL now next to each other on 22

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11
Q

Tx for CML

A

Gleevac - ABL inhibitor

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12
Q

ABL function

A

Cell proliferation

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13
Q

ABL name and structure

A

Abelson murine leukemia virus homolong 1 (tyrosine kinase)

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14
Q

BCR

A

Breakpoint cluster region

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15
Q

Mechanism of ABL/BCR mutation

A

Promotor from BCR will drive constant expression of ABL

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16
Q

Burkitt’s lymphoma mutation

A

IGH-MYC fusion
Increased MYC activity
Only exons 2 and 3 from MYC make it

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17
Q

MYC and IGH chromosomes

A

8 and 14

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18
Q

IGH function

A

Expressed all the time in B-cells

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19
Q

Increased MYC due to

A

Many things

Sometimes a IGH-MYC translocation

20
Q

Mitosis

A

Generate 2 daughter cells with same genetic makeup

21
Q

Cells in G phase

A

2n=diploid

22
Q

Cells after S phase

A

4n = tetraploid

23
Q

G1 phase

A

Gap before deuplciatiopn

24
Q

S

A

DNA synthesis and chromosome duplication

25
Q

G2

A

Interphase gap before mitosis

26
Q

Mitosis location

A

Somatic cells of the body

27
Q

Shortest part of cell cycle

A

M

28
Q

Sister chromatids

A

ID copies of chromosomes held together at centromere

29
Q

Centrosomes

A

Cellular organelles involved in moving chromosomes apart

30
Q

Metaphase

A

Duplicated chromosomes randomly line up at metaphase plate

31
Q

Microtubules attach

A

Centrosomes to centromeres

32
Q

Cyclins and CDKs

A

Promote cell cycle progession

33
Q

CDKIs

A

Involved in cell cycle arrest

34
Q

Cell cycle checkpoitns and questions

A

G1-S - Is DNA intact?
S - is replication complete?
G2-M - are chromosomes aligned?

35
Q

pRb in normal body

A

Unphosphorylated Rb binds to E2F and DP…pRb phosphorylated and E2F/DP dissociates and activates cyclins, CDKs and others

36
Q

In Retinoblastoma

A

Rb is mutated and does not form…cannot bind to E2F/DP in order to turn off the cell cycle

37
Q

Meiosis

A

Terminal event

Chromosomal reduction from diploid to haploid

38
Q

Meiosis synopsis

A

Chromosomes replicate
Homologs line up and then separate during meiosis 1
Sister chromatids separate during meiosis 2

39
Q

Errors in segregation of meiosis result in

A

Aneuploidies

40
Q

Spermatogenesiss

A

Spermatogonial stem cell ——- spermatogonium —— after puberty, primary spermocyte…replicates…after meiosis 1, secondary spermocyte…after meiosis 2, spermatozoa

41
Q

Oogenesis

A

Oogonium stem cell mitosis to pirmary oocyte (chromosomes replicate and arrest in prophase 1)…during puberty, meiosis 1 completes in 1-2 oocytes/month (secondary oocyte arrest in metaphase 2)(polar body produced)`…fertilization…meiosis 2 completes (produces polar body)…pronuclei fuse and zygote formed

42
Q

Synaptonemal complex

A

Keeps homologs lined up perfectly together when lined up

43
Q

Frequency of crossing over is related to

A

Greater distance…greater probability of crossover

44
Q

Crossing over results in what gametess?

A

Two parental and two recombinante

45
Q

Similarities of mitosis and meiosis

A 
One round of DNA synthesis 
Sister chrom
Nucleus disappears
Chromosomes line up 
Centromeres attach
Daughter cells
46
Q

Differences

A

Diploid vs haploid
Mutations in mitosis affect individual…mutations of meisosi affect offsrping
One cell division in mitosis vs 2 in meiosis
Homologs random in mitosis, synapse and cross over in meiosis

Foundations Test 1 (15 decks)

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