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Foundations Test 1 > Cell Signaling by Chemical Messengers > Flashcards

Cell Signaling by Chemical Messengers Flashcards

1
Q

Cell signaling vs. signal transduction

A

Signaling - between cells

Signal Transduction - extracellular signal converted to intracellular response

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2
Q

Cell signaling steps

A

Chemical messenger secreted by cell bc of stimulus
Messenger diffuses and transported to target cell
Specific receptor binds messenger
Binding elicits response
Termination

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3
Q

Specifity of receptor dictated by

A

Type of receptor and location

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4
Q

Most receptors bind

A

A single messenger type

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5
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

Cell sending out signal is pretty far away…usually transported through blood

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6
Q

Paracrine signlaign

A

Signaling cell is close

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7
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

Cell signals to itself

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8
Q

Nervous system messenging molecules and type

A

Small molecule neurotransmitters and neuropeptides

Paracrine

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9
Q

Endocrine system molecules and type

A

Endocrine

Endocrine hormones

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10
Q

Glucagon is ______ system and does what

A

Response to low glucose levels
Glycogenolysis
Endocrine

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11
Q

Immune system molecules and type

A

Cytokines

Auto, para, and endo

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12
Q

Eicosanoids molecules and types

A

Derived from arachidonic acid
Control response to injury
Para and auto

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13
Q

Growth factors molecules and type

A

Proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis

Paracrine

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14
Q

4 receptor types from fast to slow

A

Channel-linked receptors (ionotropic)
GPCR (metabotropic)
Kinase-linked
Nuclear receptors (linked to gene transcription)

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15
Q

What can nuclear receptors bind?

A

Things that can get through membrane into the nucleus

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16
Q

Channel-linked receptors also known as

A

Gated ion channels

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17
Q

Agonist

A

Messenger that opens an ion channel

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18
Q

Example of Gated ion channel

A

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

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19
Q

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor…what does it do, where is it found

A

Neuromuscular junctions - muscle contractions

Sense Ach and lets Na in and K out of muscle fiber

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20
Q

Nicotinic acetylcholine mechanism

A

AP in motor neruon
V gated ion channel lets Ca into cell
Vesicle of Ach fuses at post synaptic membrane
Ach diffuses and binds nicotinic acytylcholine receptor
Propogates signal through muscle fiber

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21
Q

How is acetylcholine receptor mechanism turned off?

A

Acetylcholinesterase degrades Ach

22
Q

Myasthenia Gravis is what kind of disorder?

A

Acquired autoimmune

23
Q

MG pathology

A

Produce antibodies to nicotinic Ach receptor…antibodies bind and cross-link receptor…complex andocytosed and degraded by lysosome…patient has fewer neuromuscular junctions and therefore lots of muscle fatigue

24
Q

MG symptoms

A

Difficulty walking
Difficulty extending arms
Drooping eyelids

25
Q

Tyrosine kinase receptors mechanism

A

Signal dimer binds
Kinase activity stimulated in the cytosol
Tyrosines phosphorylated
Intracellular proetins bind to phospho-tyrosine binding site

26
Q

Tyrosine kinase receptors form _____ dimers

A

Homo

27
Q

Tyrosine kinase external/internal domains

A

External - receptor

Internal - tyrosine kinase

28
Q

Ras mutations

A

Mutations that turn Ras on will cause cancer

29
Q

Ras causes

A

Proliferation, survival, and growth

30
Q

Ras pathway

A

EGF binds EGFR (receptor tyrosine kinase)…recruits GRB2…Recruits SOS…Recruits Ras…Ras phosphorylates Raf…phosphorylates…MEK…Phosphorylates Erk…acts on DNA

31
Q

Serine/threonine kinase messengers

A

TGF beta and Bone morphogenic factors

32
Q

Serine/threonine kinase signal

A

Smad proteins

33
Q

Serine/threonine kinase forms _____dimer

A

Hetero

34
Q

Nuclear receptors are

A

Intracellular proteins with extracellular messengers

35
Q

Messengers of nuclear receptors are typicall _____ and example

A

Hydrophobic

Steroids

36
Q

2 types of steroid hormones

A

Cytoplasm (glucocorticoid)

Nucleus (more common)

37
Q

Glucocorticoids include

A

Cortisol, corticosterone, and aldosterone

38
Q

Cortisol regulates

A

Cardiovascular, metabolic, and immuno functions

39
Q

Glucocorticoid pathway

A

Glucocorticoid binds receptor that has chaperone proteins attached…chaperones leave…GR dimerizes and binds to DNA causing changes

40
Q

Cortisol released from ___ in response to ____

A

adrenal cortex

Chronic stress

41
Q

Cortisol acts n various tissues to do what in acute stress?

A

Change enzyme levels and redistribute nutrients

42
Q

Cortisol and liver

A

Can upregulate liver proteins in gluconeogenesis to provide rapid response to hypoglycemia

43
Q

PPAR receptor messenger and response

A

Fatty acids and derivatives

Regulate transcription of genes

44
Q

PPAR pathway

A

Bind PPAR…PPAR dimerizes with RXR…binds to DNA to function

45
Q

Gap junction other names

A

Nexus

Macula communicans

46
Q

Gap junctions connect

A

Cytoplasm of 2 cells

47
Q

Gap junctions allow passage of

A

Molecules and electrical impulses

48
Q

Gap junctions not found in

A

Skeletal muscle or mobile cell types

49
Q

Gap junction consists of two

A

Connexons (hemichannels) one on each cell

50
Q

Eahc connexon is

A

Homo/hetero hexamer of connexin proteins

51
Q

Gap junction size exclusion

A

500 Da

52
Q

Gap junctions are especailly important in

A

Heart

Foundations Test 1 (15 decks)

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