Metabolic Fuel Use: Exercising, Dieting, and Starvation

Question 1

Calories per macromolecule

Answer 1

Carb - 4
Fat - 9
Protein - 4
Alcohol - 7

Question 2

Respiration flow chart

Answer 2

Digest - circulate - cells - oxidation to CO2 and H2O - ATP - Energy

Question 3

Glycolysis including location

Answer 3

Anaerobic breakdown of glucose in cytoplasm
2 ATP per glucose
Produce pyruvate

Question 4

Krebs cycle including location

Answer 4

Mitochondria
Aerobic (needs by-products of aerobic ETC)
2 ATP per initial glucose

Question 5

Ideal cellular respiration

Answer 5

1 glucose = 38 ATP

Question 6

ETC

Answer 6

Aerobic

34 ATP per glucsoe

Question 7

Carbohydrates

Answer 7

Partially oxidized

Glucose is predominant form in blood

Question 8

Essential AA

Answer 8

PVT TIM HALL
Phenylalanine 
Valine
Threonine 
Tryptophan 
Isoleucine 
Methionine
Histidine 
Leucine 
Lysine

Question 9

Conditionally essential AA

Answer 9

Arginine
Tyrosine
Cysteine

Question 10

Lipids composed of

Answer 10

Triacylglycerols

Question 11

Glycogen, protein, and triglyceride amount and %

Answer 11

Muscle (glycogen) - .15 kg (.4%)
Liver (glycogen) - .08 kg (.2%)
Protein - 6.0 and 14.4%
Triglyceride (adipose) - 15 and 85%

Question 12

Why store energy as fat

Answer 12

More calories per kg, so less added weigth

Question 13

In fed state,

Answer 13

Cellular respiration occurs in all cells
Triglycerides to adipose tissue
glucose to liver, muscles, and adipose tissue

Question 14

Major fasting energy source

Answer 14

Hepatic glycogenolysis (breakdown of liver glycogen)

Question 15

Minor fasting energy sources

Answer 15

Hepatic gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose)
Adipose release of fat
Protein degradation

Question 16

Gluconeogenesis in liver

Answer 16

Lactate converted to pyruvate to glucose using FFA from adipose tissue

Question 17

Pyruvate can be converted to

Answer 17

Lactate

Question 18

In post-absorptive state,

Answer 18

Triglycerides broken down, ATP from ketones and fatty acids

Question 19

1 lb of adipose tissue

Answer 19

3500 calories

Question 20

1000 calories less per day `

Answer 20

lose 2 lbs per week

Question 21

BMI formula

Answer 21

Weight/ht^2 (kg/m)

WeightX704)/(height^2) (lb/in

Question 22

BMI thresholds

Answer 22

<18.5 - underweight
25 - overweight
40 - morbidly obese

Question 23

Fad diets typically result in

Answer 23

Degradation of muscle protein and liver glycogen

Water is excreted

Question 24

Weight loss more than 2 lbs per week is predominantly

Answer 24

Water

Question 25

Short-term E

Answer 25

Glycolysis.....5 to 3 mins

Question 26

Immediate energy

Answer 26

ATP - CP...seconds

Question 27

Long-term E

Answer 27

Aerobic...cellular respiration/ATP production

Question 28

Longer periods of exercise

Answer 28

Glycogen used initially, then switch to adipose fat breakdown

Question 29

Marasmus vs. cachexia

Answer 29

Malnutrition | Marasmus has no underlying disease state

Question 30

Priorities for blood supply

Answer 30

RBCs, brain, protein preservation

Question 31

First 4 hours

Answer 31

Exogenous glucose

Question 32

4-12 hours

Answer 32

Liver glycogen

Question 33

After about 2 days of starvation

Answer 33

Hepatic gluconeogenesis | Initially lactate from muscles, then FFA and then glycerol from adipose tissue

Question 34

When adipose stores used for energy source, _______ becomes main source for _______

Answer 34

Ketone bodies | Brain

Question 35

During starvation, is glucose still made? and why?

Answer 35

Yes, RBCs need it

Question 36

As adipose stores deplete, what happens

Answer 36

Protein degradation accelerates and leads to organ failure/death

Question 37

Diagnosis of malnutration

Answer 37

``` Insufficient energy intake Weight loss Loss of muscle mass Loss of sub1 fat Edema Hand grip weakness Plus history ``` Two or more

Question 38

Cachexia occurs with

Answer 38

Pancreatic, lung, head/neck, GI cancer Stroke COPD