Metabolic Fuel Use: Exercising, Dieting, and Starvation Flashcards
Calories per macromolecule
Carb - 4
Fat - 9
Protein - 4
Alcohol - 7
Respiration flow chart
Digest - circulate - cells - oxidation to CO2 and H2O - ATP - Energy
Glycolysis including location
Anaerobic breakdown of glucose in cytoplasm
2 ATP per glucose
Produce pyruvate
Krebs cycle including location
Mitochondria
Aerobic (needs by-products of aerobic ETC)
2 ATP per initial glucose
Ideal cellular respiration
1 glucose = 38 ATP
ETC
Aerobic
34 ATP per glucsoe
Carbohydrates
Partially oxidized
Glucose is predominant form in blood
Essential AA
PVT TIM HALL Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Leucine Lysine
Conditionally essential AA
Arginine
Tyrosine
Cysteine
Lipids composed of
Triacylglycerols
Glycogen, protein, and triglyceride amount and %
Muscle (glycogen) - .15 kg (.4%)
Liver (glycogen) - .08 kg (.2%)
Protein - 6.0 and 14.4%
Triglyceride (adipose) - 15 and 85%
Why store energy as fat
More calories per kg, so less added weigth
In fed state,
Cellular respiration occurs in all cells
Triglycerides to adipose tissue
glucose to liver, muscles, and adipose tissue
Major fasting energy source
Hepatic glycogenolysis (breakdown of liver glycogen)
Minor fasting energy sources
Hepatic gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose)
Adipose release of fat
Protein degradation
Gluconeogenesis in liver
Lactate converted to pyruvate to glucose using FFA from adipose tissue
Pyruvate can be converted to
Lactate
In post-absorptive state,
Triglycerides broken down, ATP from ketones and fatty acids
1 lb of adipose tissue
3500 calories
1000 calories less per day `
lose 2 lbs per week
BMI formula
Weight/ht^2 (kg/m)
WeightX704)/(height^2) (lb/in
BMI thresholds
<18.5 - underweight
25 - overweight
40 - morbidly obese
Fad diets typically result in
Degradation of muscle protein and liver glycogen
Water is excreted
Weight loss more than 2 lbs per week is predominantly
Water
Short-term E
Glycolysis…..5 to 3 mins
Immediate energy
ATP - CP…seconds
Long-term E
Aerobic…cellular respiration/ATP production
Longer periods of exercise
Glycogen used initially, then switch to adipose fat breakdown
Marasmus vs. cachexia
Malnutrition
Marasmus has no underlying disease state
Priorities for blood supply
RBCs, brain, protein preservation
First 4 hours
Exogenous glucose
4-12 hours
Liver glycogen
After about 2 days of starvation
Hepatic gluconeogenesis
Initially lactate from muscles, then FFA and then glycerol from adipose tissue
When adipose stores used for energy source, _______ becomes main source for _______
Ketone bodies
Brain
During starvation, is glucose still made? and why?
Yes, RBCs need it
As adipose stores deplete, what happens
Protein degradation accelerates and leads to organ failure/death
Diagnosis of malnutration
Insufficient energy intake Weight loss Loss of muscle mass Loss of sub1 fat Edema Hand grip weakness Plus history
Two or more
Cachexia occurs with
Pancreatic, lung, head/neck, GI cancer
Stroke
COPD
