Renal System Flashcards
What produces urine?
Kidney
What drains urine from the kidney to bladder?
Ureter
What stores/empties urine?
Bladder
What excretes urine?
Urethra
What is the name of the stretchy epithelium going from ureter to upper urethra?
Transitional epithelium or uroepithelium
What type of epithelium is the distal urethra lined by?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What does an upper/lower UTI involve?
Upper- may spread to kidneys
Lower- involves urethra and bladder
What parts of the urinary system are in the retroperitoneum?
Kidneys and proximal parts of ureters
What is the level of the top of the hip bones?
L4
Where ate the distal parts of the ureters, bladder and proximal part of the urethra found?
Pelvis
Where is the distal part of the urethra found?
Perineum
What four regions of the abdomen do the kidneys lie within?
Hypochondriac, epigastric, flank/lumbar, umbilical
What ribs protect the kidneys?
11 and 12
What muscles guard in response to kidney damage?
Muscles of the back, antero-lateral abdominal wall, posterior abdominal wall
What is the level of the right kidney?
L1-3
What is the level of the left kidney?
T12-L2
What layers are found deep to the parietal peritoneum of the kidney?
Paranephric fat, renal deep fascia, perinephric fat, renal capsule
What structures are found at the renal hilum?
Ureter, renal artery and vein
What arterial branches do the ureters receive?
Renal and gonadal arteries and a branch of the aorta
What are the 3 paired branches of the abdominal aorta?
Adrenal, renal and gonadal arteries
What is the basic functional and structural unit of the kidney?
Nephron
How many segmental branches arise from each renal artery to supply the nephrons?
5
Where do the left and right renal veins drain into?
IVC
Where do the left and right gonadal veins drain into?
Right- IVC
Left- Left renal
What are the 2 main parts of the kidney?
Outer cortex and inner medulla
What makes up the renal corpuscle?
Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus
What passes through the renal pyramid to drain the modified filtrate through the renal papilla as urine?
Collecting duct
What structures does urine drain through from the collecting ducts to the ureter?
Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis
What are renal calculi?
Renal stones (made from calcium)
Where does the ureter cross in relation to the common iliac arteries?
Anterior
What type of pain will someone with renal stones have?
Comes and goes- renal colic
What type of muscle makes up the ureter walls?
Smooth
What is the name of the bladder sphincter which encircles the ureteric orifices?
Detrusor muscle fibres
What do the detrusor muscle fibres do?
Prevent reflux of urine into the ureters
Detrusor muscle fibres encircling the bladder neck are only present in who?
Males
What does the internal urethral sphincter/detrusor muscle of the neck of the bladder do?
Prevents ejaculatory reflux
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Non-cancerous hyperplasia of the prostate
What is the problem with benign prostatic hyperplasia?
In impinges on the prostatic urethra and causes problems passing urine, increased urinary frequency and possible involuntary urination
What are the two types of catheter?
Suprapubic- into bladder via anterior abdominal wall
Urinary- into bladder via urethra
Who are UTIs more common in?
Females
Obstructions to the urethra cause problem with which kidney?
Both of them
What is renal failure?
The kidneys are not able to filter the blood to produce urine
