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Principles Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Where are hormones released into?

A

Bloodstream

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2
Q

How are the 2 ways that hormone negative feedback can go wrong?

A
  • Target cell loses sensitivity to hormone

- Tumour suppresses endocrine gland and causes either too much or too little hormone

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3
Q

What are the main glands in the head?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland (hypophysis)

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4
Q

What are the main glands in the neck?

A

4 parathyroid and thyroid glands

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5
Q

What are the main glands in the abdomen?

A

2 adrenal glands and the pancreas

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6
Q

What are the main glands in the female pelvis?

A

2 ovaries

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7
Q

What are the main glands in the male perineum?

A

2 testes

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8
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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9
Q

Where is the pituitary gland found?

A

Midline structure in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

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10
Q

What cranial bone contains organs of hearing and balance?

A

Temporal bones

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11
Q

What does the infundibulum do?

A

Connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

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12
Q

What is the neurohypophysis?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

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13
Q

The posterior pituitary gland is a continuation of what?

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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15
Q

What do releasing hormones from the hypothalamus do?

A

Stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to release the appropriate hormone

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16
Q

What do release-inhibitory hormones from the hypothalamus do?

A

Prevent the anterior pituitary gland from releasing its hormone

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17
Q

What are some hormones (relative to what we have learnt) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone,

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18
Q

What veins transport hypothalamic hormones?

A

Hypophyseal portal veins

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19
Q

An enlarged thyroid gland is a goitre. What is a dietary factor which can cause this?

A

Lack of iodine

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20
Q

What is used to manufacture T3 and T4 in the thyroid gland?

A

Iodine

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21
Q

What thyroid hormone can we not live without?

A

T3

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22
Q

What does parathyroid hormone control?

A

The amount of calcium in the blood and bone

23
Q

Is parathyroid hormone under pituitary control?

A

No

24
Q

What is the arterial supply to the thyroid?

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

25
Q

What is the venous drainage from the thyroid?

A

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

26
Q

The pancreas is a retroperitoneal structure overlying which vertebra?

A

L1/L2

27
Q

What is the pancreas anterior to?

A

Aorta and IVC

28
Q

What is the pancreas posterior to?

A

Stomach

29
Q

What does the pancreas lie between?

A

Duodenum and spleen

30
Q

What is the arterial supply to the pancreas?

A

Coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery

31
Q

Where is the venous drainage from the pancreas to?

A

Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein and into the hepatic portal vein

32
Q

Is the pancreas under the control of the pituitary gland?

A

No

33
Q

An exocrine glad secretes products where?

A

Into ducts- not directly into the bloodstream

34
Q

What type of structure are the adrenal glands and where are they found?

A

Retroperitoneal- on top of the kidneys

35
Q

What are the two anatomical and functional parts of the adrenal glands?

A

Outer cortex and inner (adrenal) medulla

36
Q

What does the outer cortex of the adrenal gland produce?

A

Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens

37
Q

Which of the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex is under pituitary control?

A

Glucocorticoids

38
Q

What hormones are released from the inner medulla?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

39
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

Influence metabolic rate of proteins, fats and sugars

40
Q

What do mineralocorticoids do?

A

Regulate salt balance and impact on blood volume/pressure

41
Q

What is the arterial supply of the adrenal glands?

A

Superior, middle and inferior suprarenal arteries (on left and right)

42
Q

The middle suprarenal arteries are a branch of what?

A

Aorta

43
Q

What inferior suprarenal arteries are a branch of what?

A

Renal artery

44
Q

What is the venous drainage from the left and right adrenal glands and where do these drain to?

A

Left adrenal gland- left suprarenal vein which drains into the left renal
Right adrenal gland- right suprarenal vein into IVC

45
Q

The inferior parts of the blood supply to the testis run within what?

A

Spermatic cord

46
Q

What do the testes secrete?

A

Testosterone

47
Q

What does testosterone control?

A

Male secondary sex characteristics
Closure of epiphyseal growth plates
Stimulate sperm

48
Q

What do ovaries produce?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

49
Q

Do the testis and ovaries respond to the pituitary gland?

A

Yes

50
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Prepares the uterus for pregnancy

51
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Female secondary sex characteristics

Ovum development

52
Q

Where does the right gonad drain venous blood into?

A

IVC

53
Q

Where does the left gonad drain venous blood into?

A

Left renal vein

Principles Anatomy (7 decks)

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