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Principles Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main functions of neurones?

A

Sensory, motor, reflex, higher cortical function

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2
Q

What body structures involve voluntary motor function?

A

Skeletal muscle

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3
Q

What body structures involve involuntary motor function?

A

Smooth muscle, glands and cardiac muscle

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4
Q

What part of a neuron receives and conducts information towards the cell body?

A

Dendrites

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5
Q

What part of a neuron receives and conducts information away from the cell body?

A

Axons

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6
Q

Where in the neuron is the nucleus?

A

Body

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7
Q

The axon is a nerve fibre carrying what?

A

Action potentials

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8
Q

The axons of neurons are covered in what?

A

Myelin sheath to act as an insulator

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9
Q

What is the name for the nerve cell body in the CNS and PNS?

A 
CNS= nucleus
PNS= ganglion
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10
Q

What is the name for the bundles of axons in the CNS and PNS?

A 
CNS= tract
PNS= nerve
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11
Q

The central nervous system involves what?

A

Brain and the spinal cord

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12
Q

The peripheral nervous system involves what?

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerve and autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

Afferent and efferent neurons are part of what nervous system?

A

Peripheral

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14
Q

Which of afferents and efferents are motor and which are sensory?

A

Afferent- sensory

Efferent- motor

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15
Q

Where do afferent neurons take signals?

A

Towards the CNS

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16
Q

Where do efferent neurons take signals?

A

Away from the CNS

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17
Q

What nervous system are interneurons part of and what is their function?

A

CNS- create circuits

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18
Q

What are synapses?

A

The site of chemical connection between two or more neurones

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19
Q

What happens to an electrical signal (AP) at a synapse?

A

It becomes a chemical signal (neurotransmitter) and then reverts back to an electrical signal

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20
Q

What nervous system supplies the body wall and external environment?

A

Somatic nervous system

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21
Q

What nerve system supplies the limbs?

A

Somatic nervous system

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22
Q

What nervous system supplies glands?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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23
Q

The floor of the cranial cavity is split into what?

A

Anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa

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24
Q

What lobes correspond to the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal lobe

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25
Q

What lobes correspond to the middle cranial fossa?

A

Temporal lobe

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26
Q

What lobes correspond to the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Occipital (and cerebellum)

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27
Q

Where does the spinal cord pass through the base of the skull?

A

Foramen magnum

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28
Q

When does the brainstem become the spinal cord?

A

After it passes through the foramen magnum

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29
Q

From superior to inferior, what are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla

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30
Q

After passing through the foramen magnum, where does the spinal cord pass through?

A

Vertebral canal

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31
Q

How many segments of the spinal cord are there? What are these?

A 
4:
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral/Coccygeal
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32
Q

What are the 2 enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical and lumbosacral

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33
Q

How many bilateral pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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34
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Conus medullaris at L1/2

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35
Q

Where is grey matter found?

A

Outer area at the cerebral cortex of the brain

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36
Q

What is grey matter full of?

A

Cell bodies

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37
Q

Where is white matter found?

A

Inner area of the brain

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38
Q

What does the white matter contain?

A

Many axons which are myelinated

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39
Q

In the spinal cord, the grey and white matter are found where?

A

Grey- inner

White- outer

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40
Q

The dorsal grey horn (closer to posterior) of the grey matter in the spinal cord contains what cell bodies?

A

Sensory

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41
Q

The ventral grey horn (closer to anterior) of the grey matter in the spinal cord contains what cell bodies?

A

Motor

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42
Q

The cranial and spinal nerves are both what type of nerves?

A

Somatic

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43
Q

Cranial nerve I?

A

Olfactory- S

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44
Q

Cranial nerve II?

A

Optic- S

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45
Q

Cranial nerve III?

A

Occulomotor- M

46
Q

Cranial nerve IV?

A

Trochlear- M

47
Q

Cranial nerve V?

A

Trigeminal- B

48
Q

Cranial nerve VI?

A

Abducent- M

49
Q

Cranial nerve VII?

A

Facial- B

50
Q

Cranial nerve VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear- S

51
Q

Cranial nerve X!?

A

Glossopharyngeal- B

52
Q

Cranial nerve X?

A

Vagus- B

53
Q

Cranial nerve XI?

A

Spinal accessory- M

54
Q

Cranial nerve XII?

A

Hypoglossal- M

55
Q

What are the 3 special sensory cranial nerves?

A

Optic, olfactory and vestibulocochlear

56
Q

CNs VI, VII and VIII enter the brain where?

A

Pontomedullary junction

57
Q

Where do CNs III and IV enter the brain?

A

Midbrain

58
Q

Where does CNV enter the brain?

A

Pons

59
Q

Where do CNs IX, X and XII enter the brain?

A

Medulla

60
Q

Where does CNXI enter the brain?

A

Spinal cord

61
Q

In spinal nerves, are the posterior rootlets sensory, motor or mixed?

A

Sensory

62
Q

In spinal nerves, are the anterior rootlets sensory, motor or mixed?

A

Motor

63
Q

In spinal nerves, are the posterior rami sensory, motor or mixed?

A

Mixed

64
Q

In spinal nerves, are the anterior rami sensory, motor or mixed?

A

Mixed

65
Q

Spinal nerves are only located where?

A

Intervertebral foramina

66
Q

Spinal nerves are named according to the vertebrae ? it, apart from in the ? region where they are named by the vertebrae ? it

A

Spinal nerves are named according to the vertebrae above it, apart from in the cervical region where they are named by the vertebrae below it

67
Q

Which region of the spine contains an extra spinal nerve over its number of vertebrae?

A

Cervical (7 vertebrae, 8 spinal nerves)

68
Q

Does the anterior or posterior ramus of a spinal nerve supply the limbs?

A

Anterior- via a plexus

69
Q

Where does the T4 dermatome lie?

A

Male nipple

70
Q

Where does the T10 dermatome lie?

A

Umbilicus

71
Q

What are nerve plexuses?

A

Networks of intertwined anterior rami

72
Q

What makes up the cervical plexus and what does it supply?

A

C1-4 anterior rami- posterior scalp, neck wall, diaphragm

73
Q

What makes up the brachial plexus and what does it supply?

A

C5-T1 anterior rami- upper limb

74
Q

What makes up the lumbar plexus and what does it supply?

A

L1-L4 anterior rami- lower limb

75
Q

What makes up the sacral plexus and what does it supply?

A

L5-S4 anterior rami- lower limb, gluteal region and perineum

76
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves originate from?

A

Autonomic centres of the brain

77
Q

Sympathetic nerves exit the spinal cord with what spinal nerves?

A

T1-L2 (thoracolumbar)

78
Q

What do sympathetic nerves travel to?

A

Sympathetic chains

79
Q

What do sympathetic nerves need to pass into before they can supply organs?

A

Splanchnic nerves

80
Q

How do all parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?

A

Via cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X and sacral spinal nerves (cranio-sacral)

81
Q

What supplies all of the organs in the neck, chest and abdomen with parasympathetic axons?

A

Vagus nerve

82
Q

What carries parasympathetic axons to the hindgut, pelvis and perineum?

A

Sacral spinal nerves

83
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the body wall?

A

Somatic sensory

84
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the organs?

A

Visceral afferents

85
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the special sensory organs?

A

Special sensory nerves

86
Q

What is the motor innervation of the body wall?

A

Somatic motor

87
Q

What is the motor innervation of all organs (inc. special sensory)?

A

Autonomic

88
Q

What are the sensations felt by the body wall?

A

Touch, vibration, proprioception, temperature, pain

89
Q

What will somatic (body wall) pain feel like?

A

Sharp, stabbing and well localised

90
Q

How long is the somatic pathway for touch?

A

3 neurones

91
Q

What is the primary somatosensory area of the brain?

A

Parietal lobe (left)

92
Q

Which of upper and lower somatic motor neurones originate on the opposite side from the movement and which on the same side?

A

Upper motor neurones- originates opposite side

Lower motor neurones- originate same side

93
Q

Where do upper somatic motor neurones cross over to the side corresponding to the movement?

A

Brainstem

94
Q

Where do lower somatic motor neurones connect?

A

Skeletal muscle

95
Q

What is the primary somatomotor area of the brain?

A

Left frontal lobe

96
Q

What does paralysed mean?

A

A muscle without a functioning lower motor neurone- this cannot contract

97
Q

What would a paralysed muscle show on examination?

A

Reduced tone

98
Q

What does spasticity mean?

A

Muscle has an in tact and working lower motor neurone but the descending control from the brain isn’t working

99
Q

What would a spastic muscle show on examination?

A

Increased tone

100
Q

Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

101
Q

What are sensory neurones to organs known as?

A

Visceral afferents

102
Q

What are the motor neurones to organs known as?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

103
Q

How is visceral pain described?

A

Dull and achy, poorly localised

104
Q

Visceral afferents commonly travel with what?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves

105
Q

What does the sympathetic division of the ANS supply?

A

All internal organs, body wall organs and arterioles

106
Q

What is the name for sympathetic innervation of arterioles?

A

Sympathetic tone

107
Q

What is the relative size of the pre and post ganglionic sympathetic neuron?

A

Short preganglionic and long postganglionic

108
Q

Where does the sympathetic trunk run?

A

Parallel to the vertebral column

109
Q

Postganglionic sympathetic axons to the foregut, midgut and hindgut organs come from where?

A

Prevertebral ganglia

110
Q

What does the parasympathetic division NOT supply?

A

Body wall organs or arterioles

111
Q

What is the relative size of the pre and post ganglionic parasympathetic neuron?

A

Long preganglionic and short postganglionic

Principles Anatomy (7 decks)

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