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Principles Anatomy > Bones and Fractures > Flashcards

Bones and Fractures Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the outer cortex of bone?

A

Dense, strong, heavy COMPACT (cortical) bone

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2
Q

What makes up the inner medulla of bone?

A

Porous, weaker, light SPONGY (trabecular/cancellous) bone

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3
Q

Where can bone marrow be found?

A

Inner medulla

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4
Q

What is the bone marrow the site if?

A

Red and white blood cell production

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5
Q

What is the fibrous connective tissue sleeve surrounding bone?

A

Periosteum

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6
Q

The periosteum is well vascularised, mainly supplying what?

A

Compact bone

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7
Q

Why are fractures so painful?

A

The periosteum which is very well innervated rips

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8
Q

What nutrient vessels are found in bone and what do they supply?

A

Artery and vein- supplying bone marrow, spongey bone and deep compact bone

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9
Q

What cartilage is found surrounding the top of a bone?

A

Hyaline (articular)

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10
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

Process in which a small hyaline cartilage version grows and ossifies

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11
Q

Where does endochondral ossification occur?

A

Long bones

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12
Q

What is the name for the bone shaft?

A

Diaphysis

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13
Q

When does bone growth stop?

A

When the growth plate of hyaline cartilage ossifies

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14
Q

What are examples of flat bones? What is their function?

A

Neurocranium and sternum- protective

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15
Q

What are tubular long bones?

A

Humerus, femur, phalanges

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16
Q

What are examples of irregular bones?

A

Scapulae, vertebrae

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17
Q

What is an example of a sesamoid bone and where are they found?

A

Patella- within some tendons

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18
Q

What are examples of cuboidal bones?

A

Carpals, tarsals

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19
Q

What are the two features of the femur which make it more likely to fracture?

A

Less compact bone and a thin/angled structure

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20
Q

Where is the clavicle weakest?

A

Between the middle and lateral thirds

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21
Q

When do bony features develop?

A

Bone growth

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22
Q

How do bony features arise?

A

An adjacent structure applies a force to the developing bone, moulding its shape accordingly

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23
Q

When forming bony features, the bone has to grow around the other structure, forming a what?

A

Foramen

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24
Q

What bony feature is found at the top of the humerus?

A

Greater tubercle

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25
Q

What bony feature is found at the bottom of the radius?

A

Styloid process

26
Q

What is found at the medial and inferior corner of the femur?

A

Femoral condoyle

27
Q

What is found at the medial and lateral end of the tibia?

A

Medial malleolus

28
Q

How is the floor of the cranial cavity divided?

A

Anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa

29
Q

What comprises the axial skeleton?

A

Bones of the skull, neck and trunk (chest, abdomen and back)

30
Q

What comprises the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle (connect upper/lower limbs to axial skeleton) and bones of the upper and lower limb

31
Q

What is the name for bones of the cranial vault?

A

neurocranium

32
Q

What is the name for bones of the facial skeleton?

A

Viscerocranium

33
Q

What suture can be seen when looking at the cranial vault from a left lateral view?

A

Coronal

34
Q

What suture can be seen from looking at the cranial vault posteriorly?

A

Sagittal

35
Q

The ? plate of the ? bone can be found in the frontal bone?

A

Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

36
Q

What does the ethmoid bone do?

A

Separates the nasal cavity from the brain

37
Q

Where does the spinal cord pass through the base of the skull?

A

Foramen magnum

38
Q

What bone forms the prominence of the cheek?

A

Zygomatic bone

39
Q

What is the bone above the mouth?

A

Maxilla

40
Q

What is the bone below the mouth?

A

Mandible

41
Q

What connects the midface to the sphenoid bone and is therefore always involved in LeFort fractures?

A

Pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone

42
Q

What can be a cause of a fracture to the angle of the mandible?

A

Impacted wisdom tooth

43
Q

How many vertebrae are there in common and what are they split into?

A 
33
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral (fused)
4 coccygeal (fused)
44
Q

Vertebral bones become larger as they bear more weight, when do they get smaller again?

A

Once weight has transferred to hip bones

45
Q

What parts of the vertebrae make primary curvatures?

A

Thoracic and sacro-coccygeal

46
Q

What parts of the vertebrae make secondary curvatures?

A

Cervical and lumbar

47
Q

What attaches to the spinous process?

A

Ligament and muscle

48
Q

What attaches to the transverse process?

A

Ligament, muscle and rib articulations

49
Q

What do the superior and inferior articular processes allow?

A

Mobility with adjacent vertebrae via synovial facet joints

50
Q

What does the vertebral arch do?

A

Protects the spinal cord

51
Q

What are the two parts of the vertebral arch?

A

pedicle and lamina

52
Q

What does the vertebral foramen do?

A

Transmits and protects the spinal cord

53
Q

Where do intervertebral foramen form and what emerges through them?

A

Form between adjacent vertebrae and spinal nerves emerge through

54
Q

Where are facet joints found?

A

Between articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae

55
Q

The foramen in the transverse process (transverse foramen) allows passage of what?

A

Vertebral arteries

56
Q

What is the specific name for C1?

A

Atlas

57
Q

What is different about the atlas?

A

It doesn’t have a spinous process or vertebral body- instead has posterior and anterior arch

58
Q

What is the name for C2 and what does this uniquely possess?

A

Odontoid process (projects superiorly from body)

59
Q

What is the vertebrae prominens?

A

C7- first palpable spinous process in many people

60
Q

Why is rib 1 less likely to fractcure?

A

It is protected by the clavicle

61
Q

What makes up the pectoral girdle?

A

2 scapulae and 2 clavicles

62
Q

What makes up the pelvic girdle?

A

2 hip bones and sacrum

Principles Anatomy (7 decks)

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