Bones and Fractures Flashcards
What makes up the outer cortex of bone?
Dense, strong, heavy COMPACT (cortical) bone
What makes up the inner medulla of bone?
Porous, weaker, light SPONGY (trabecular/cancellous) bone
Where can bone marrow be found?
Inner medulla
What is the bone marrow the site if?
Red and white blood cell production
What is the fibrous connective tissue sleeve surrounding bone?
Periosteum
The periosteum is well vascularised, mainly supplying what?
Compact bone
Why are fractures so painful?
The periosteum which is very well innervated rips
What nutrient vessels are found in bone and what do they supply?
Artery and vein- supplying bone marrow, spongey bone and deep compact bone
What cartilage is found surrounding the top of a bone?
Hyaline (articular)
What is endochondral ossification?
Process in which a small hyaline cartilage version grows and ossifies
Where does endochondral ossification occur?
Long bones
What is the name for the bone shaft?
Diaphysis
When does bone growth stop?
When the growth plate of hyaline cartilage ossifies
What are examples of flat bones? What is their function?
Neurocranium and sternum- protective
What are tubular long bones?
Humerus, femur, phalanges
What are examples of irregular bones?
Scapulae, vertebrae
What is an example of a sesamoid bone and where are they found?
Patella- within some tendons
What are examples of cuboidal bones?
Carpals, tarsals
What are the two features of the femur which make it more likely to fracture?
Less compact bone and a thin/angled structure
Where is the clavicle weakest?
Between the middle and lateral thirds
When do bony features develop?
Bone growth
How do bony features arise?
An adjacent structure applies a force to the developing bone, moulding its shape accordingly
When forming bony features, the bone has to grow around the other structure, forming a what?
Foramen
What bony feature is found at the top of the humerus?
Greater tubercle
What bony feature is found at the bottom of the radius?
Styloid process
What is found at the medial and inferior corner of the femur?
Femoral condoyle
What is found at the medial and lateral end of the tibia?
Medial malleolus
How is the floor of the cranial cavity divided?
Anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa
What comprises the axial skeleton?
Bones of the skull, neck and trunk (chest, abdomen and back)
What comprises the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle (connect upper/lower limbs to axial skeleton) and bones of the upper and lower limb
What is the name for bones of the cranial vault?
neurocranium
What is the name for bones of the facial skeleton?
Viscerocranium
What suture can be seen when looking at the cranial vault from a left lateral view?
Coronal
What suture can be seen from looking at the cranial vault posteriorly?
Sagittal
The ? plate of the ? bone can be found in the frontal bone?
Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
What does the ethmoid bone do?
Separates the nasal cavity from the brain
Where does the spinal cord pass through the base of the skull?
Foramen magnum
What bone forms the prominence of the cheek?
Zygomatic bone
What is the bone above the mouth?
Maxilla
What is the bone below the mouth?
Mandible
What connects the midface to the sphenoid bone and is therefore always involved in LeFort fractures?
Pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone
What can be a cause of a fracture to the angle of the mandible?
Impacted wisdom tooth
How many vertebrae are there in common and what are they split into?
33 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral (fused) 4 coccygeal (fused)
Vertebral bones become larger as they bear more weight, when do they get smaller again?
Once weight has transferred to hip bones
What parts of the vertebrae make primary curvatures?
Thoracic and sacro-coccygeal
What parts of the vertebrae make secondary curvatures?
Cervical and lumbar
What attaches to the spinous process?
Ligament and muscle
What attaches to the transverse process?
Ligament, muscle and rib articulations
What do the superior and inferior articular processes allow?
Mobility with adjacent vertebrae via synovial facet joints
What does the vertebral arch do?
Protects the spinal cord
What are the two parts of the vertebral arch?
pedicle and lamina
What does the vertebral foramen do?
Transmits and protects the spinal cord
Where do intervertebral foramen form and what emerges through them?
Form between adjacent vertebrae and spinal nerves emerge through
Where are facet joints found?
Between articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae
The foramen in the transverse process (transverse foramen) allows passage of what?
Vertebral arteries
What is the specific name for C1?
Atlas
What is different about the atlas?
It doesn’t have a spinous process or vertebral body- instead has posterior and anterior arch
What is the name for C2 and what does this uniquely possess?
Odontoid process (projects superiorly from body)
What is the vertebrae prominens?
C7- first palpable spinous process in many people
Why is rib 1 less likely to fractcure?
It is protected by the clavicle
What makes up the pectoral girdle?
2 scapulae and 2 clavicles
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
2 hip bones and sacrum
