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Pathology and Pharmacology 2025 > Renal Pathology > Flashcards

Renal Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Hydroureter

A

Accumulation of urine in the ureter

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2
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces

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3
Q

ureterohydronephrosis

A

dilation of both the ureter and the pelvicaliceal system

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4
Q

Urinary tract obstruction can be cause by ___ or ____ defect

A

anatomical or functional

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5
Q

postobstructive diuresis

A

nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

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6
Q

kidney stones are classified according to the ___ that make up the stone

A

minerals

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7
Q

Kidney stones risk factors

A

sex and age
ethnicity
geographic location
seasonal factors
fluid intake
diet occupation

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8
Q

kidney stone formation

A

supersaturation of one or more salts
precipitation of a salt from liquid to solid state
growth into a stone via crystallization or aggregation

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9
Q

common kidney stone

A

calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate
struvite
uric acid

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10
Q

other factors affecting stone formation

A

crystal growth inhibiting substances
particle retention
matrix

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11
Q

evaluation of kidney stones

A

imaging studies
24 hr urinalysis

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12
Q

kidney stone removal

A

percutaneous nephrolithotomy
ureteroscopy
ultrasonic or laster lithotripsy

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13
Q

types of lower urinary tract obstruction

A

neurogenic bladder
- dyssynergia: detrusor hyper-reflexia vs detrusor areflexia
- overactive bladder syndrome
- obstruction: e.g. uretrhal stricture, prostate enlargement, pelvic organ prolapse

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14
Q

kidney cancers/tumours

A

renal tumours:
- renal adenoma
- renal cell carcinoma
Bladder tumours: renal transitional cell carcinoma

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15
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the glomerulus
immunological abnormalities
ischemia
free radicals
medications or toxins
vascular disorders
infection

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16
Q

mechanisms of glomerulonephritis

A
  • Deposition of circulation soluble antigen- antiboy complexes (Type III hypersensitivity)
  • Antibodies reacting in situ against planted antigens within the glomerulurs (Type II hypersensitivity-cytotoxis)
  • Nonimmune (ischemia, metabolic disorders, medications, toxins, vascular disorders, infection)
17
Q

two major symptoms if severe glomerulonephritis

A

hematuria and RBC casts
proteinuria exceeding 3.5 g/day with albumin as the major protein

18
Q

types of glomerulonephritis

A

membranous nephropathy/glomerulonephritis

rapidly progressing glomeurlonephritis (Goodpasture’s syndrome)

chronic glomeurlonephritis

19
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome

A

excretion of 3.5 g or more of protein in the urine per day
caused by glomerular injury

20
Q

Nephritic syndrome

A

hematuria with RBC casts
mildd proteinuria
immune injury

21
Q

AKI can lead to

A

renal insufficiency
kidney failure
ESKD

22
Q

oliguria pediatric vs adult

A

infants: < 1ml/kg/hr
children: <0.5ml/kg/hr
adults: < 400ml/day

23
Q

prerenal cause of AKI

A

imparied renal blood flow
GFR declines b/f decrease in filtration pressure
both HTN And hypotension

24
Q

intrarenal causes of AKI

A

acute tubular necrosis

25
Q

postrenal cause of AKI

A

urinary tract obstructions that affect the kidneys bilaterally

26
Q

three phases of AKI

A

initiation phase: prevention of injury is possible

maintenance (oliguric) phase: urine output is lowest, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen increases

recovery (polyuric) phase

27
Q

AKI –> CKD

A

interstitial inflammation
endothelial dysfunction
fibrosis
tubular epithelial injury

28
Q

CKD is divided in to __ stages based on albuminuria and/or renal function decline for a period longer than ____

A

5 stages
over 3 months

29
Q

5 stages of CKD

A

normal (GFR > 90ml/min)
mild (GFR 60-89)
moderate (GFR 30-59)
Severe (GFR 15-29)
End stage (GFR < 15)

30
Q

signs and symptoms of CKD

A

Proteinuria and uremia
Creatinine and urea clearance
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
- metabolic acidosis
Reduced renal phosphate excretion, hypocalcemia-> fractures
Protein/carbohydrate/fat metabolism
Anemia

Pathology and Pharmacology 2025 (5 decks)

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