liver pathologies Flashcards
_____ is rich in nutrients that have been absorbed from the intestinal tract
hepatic portal vein
___ is the functional cells of the liver
hepatocytes-
____ tissue macrophages
important functions of
Phagocytic Kupffer cells
important for healing of liver injury, are bactericidal, and are important for bilirubin production and lipid metabolism.
Stellate cells
functions
contain retinoids (vitamin A), are contractile in liver injury
may proliferate into myofibroblasts, participate in liver fibrosis, produce erythropoietin, can act as antigen- presenting cells, remove foreign substances from the blood, and trap bacteria.
Natural killer cells (pit cells)
they produce interferon gamma and are important in tumour defence.
ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE (3)
alcoholic steatosis: reversible
alcoholic steatohepatitis: precursor of cirrhosis
Alcoholic cirrhosis
_____ are eosinophilic irregular shaped aggregates in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes (white arrow)
indicates irreversible liver damage
Mallory-Denk bodies
alcoholic cirrhosis
toxic effects of alcohol metabolism on the liver (stelllate cells)
inflmmatory cytokines (Kupffer cells)
oxidative stress from lipid peroxidation that impacts the adaptive immune response and malnutrition
metabolic dysfunction associated liver disease (MALD)
infiltration of hepatocytes by fat, mainly in the form of triglycerides
obesity
metabolic syndrome
T2DM
what is cirrhosis
irreversible infalmmatory and fibrotic liver disease
pathophysiology of cirrhosis
Structural changes result from injury
fibrosis alters or obstructs biliary channels resulting in metabolic alterations
fibrosis alters or obstructs blood flow causing new vascular channels to form shunts, and blood from portal vein bypass the liver
Process of regeneration is obstructed by hypoxia, necrosis, atrophy, and liver failure
Formation of fibrous bands and regenerating nodules distorts the architecture of the liver a cobble appearance
Risk factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
hepatitis B and C infection
non alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
pathophysiology of HCC
nodular
massive
diffuse
functions of the liver
albumin
digestion
glucose, phospholipids, cholesterol
storage for vitamins and minerals
breakdown of the aged RBC
filters blood
synthesizing clotting factors
HBsAg
Surface protein
HBV core antigen
Carries HBV DNA
HBeAg
Secreted from infected cells
The HBx protein
Required for efficient transcription of cccDNA
Polymerase
Encodes the enzymes needed for synthesis of viral DNA via reverse transcription
chronic infection of Hep B results due to
compromised innate and adaptive immune response characterized by suboptimal antigen presentation, exhaustion of antigen-specific T cells, and insufficient antibody production.
what’s the difference between positive Anti-HBc IgM and Anti-HBc IgG
Anti-HBc IgM- new acute infection
Anti-HBc IgG - chronic infection
Interpretation of results:
HBsAg negative
total anti-HBc positive
Anti-Hbs positive
HBV DNA negative
Anti- HBc IgM negative
recovery from previous HBV infection
isolated Anti-HBs
due to vaccination
passive immunity
