renal - lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

describe 4 functions of kidney

A

regulation of water, inorganic ion balance and acid base balance = sodium, potassium, hydrogen, chloride, bicarbonate ion, water
removal of metabolic waste products and their excretion in urine
removal of foreign chemicals from blood and excretion in urine - drugs like antibiotics, some metabolized in liver
production of hormones/enzymes

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2
Q

name and describe 3 hormones/enzymes kidney produces

A

epo = most important, hormone that controls erythrocyte production in bone marrow
renin = enzyme that controls formation of angiotensin and influences bp and sodium balance
1,25-dihydroxy vit d = active vitamine that influences calcium balance - needs to be hydroxylated at 1 in kidney

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3
Q

describe gross anatomy of kidney

A

paired organs = 150g each
behind peritoneum on either side of vertebral column against posterior abdominal wall = small of back
renal = pertaining to kidneys

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4
Q

name parts of kidney

A

renal cortex
renal medulla = pyramid shaped
renal pelvis = cortex and medulla make urine and urine sits in renal pelvis and then goes to ureter to bladder
ureter = connects kidney to bladder
urethra = bladder to outside of body

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5
Q

describe blood supply of kidneys

A

renal artery = direct branch of descending aorta = in
renal vein = directly back to inferior vena cava = out

renal artery = between medulla –> interlobar artery –> arcuate artery (in arch between medulla and cortex, branches out perpendicular towards surface of kidney) –> interlobular artery –> afferent arteriole (blood supply to nephron)
venous = arterial system going backwards

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6
Q

what is a nephron

A

each kidney has ~ 1mil subunits called nephrons

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7
Q

what does nephron consist of

A

renal corpuscle = glomerulus (capillary loops), continuation of afferent arteriole and bowmans capsule
tubule

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8
Q

describe parts and structures of kidney - all

A

proximal tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct system
hollow tube surrounded by monolayer epithelial cells from here down
(cortex) efferent arteriole –> pct –> (medulla) descending thin limb of henles loop –> descending thick limb of henles loop –> ascending thin limb of henles loop –> ascending thick limb of henles loop –> (cortex) dct – cortical collecting down –> (medulla) medullary collecting duct –> medullary collecting ducts from other nephrons

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9
Q

describe renal corpuscle

A

entangled capillary loops around glomerulus surrounded by bowmans space
Bowman space = lined by monolayer epithelial cells
bownmans capsule = parietal layer not touching glomerulus, visceral layer = podocytes and middle = bowmans space

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10
Q

describe glomerulus

A

distal tubule = end of ascending limb of loop of henle
begining of macula densa

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11
Q

describe glomerular capillary wall

A

filtration barrier
foot processed interdigitate with other podocytes = v tightly surround capillary

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12
Q

describe glomerular capillary wall - filtration barrier

A

3 layers =
visceral glomerular epithelial cells - podocytes =
glomerular basement membrane
endothelial cells
things go through fenestration except cells and large proteins
connected by membrane = filtration slit
some size selection by foot processes = glomerular filtration

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13
Q

what is function of glomerulus

A

filters blood to make urine

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14
Q

describe vascular supply of nephron

A

peritubular capillaries provide blood to rest of system
blood composition becomes venous and then merges with vein

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15
Q

name and describe the 3 processes of urine formation

A

glomerular filtration
tubular secretion
tubular reabsorption

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16
Q

describe glomerular filtration

A

urine formation begins with filtration of plasma from glomerular capillaries into bowmans space

17
Q

describe glomerular filtrate

A

fluid in bowmans space = cell free (no rbcs/wbcs) and except for proteins (albumins, iggs) contains all same substances and same concentrations as plasma

18
Q

describe tubular secretion/reabsorption

A

as glomerular filtrate passes through tubules composition altered by movements of substances

19
Q

what is difference between reabsorption and secretion

A

Reabsorption = filtered into bowmans space and get reabsorbed back to peritubular cap = tubules –> peritubular cap
secretion = from peritubular cap to tubular lumen = peritubular cap –> tubules

20
Q

describe formation of urine

A

Movement of something from glomerulus to bowmans space then tubular secretion and reabsorption

21
Q

describe how to find amount excreted

A

amount excreted = amount filtered + amount secreted - amount reabsorbed
differs from substance = amount and location

22
Q

describe PAH excretion

A

para amino hippurate
bulk remains then all goes to urine
chemical

23
Q

describe sodium and water excretion

A

lot reabsorbed but small amount excreted
99% kept

24
Q

describe glucose excretion

A

body need all of it so takes everything back
if sick = like high blood sugar = not perfect and urine has glucose in it

25
describe rate of filtration, reabsorption or secretion
subject to physiological control
26
describe physiological control
when body content of substance goes above or below normal = homeostatic mechanisms can regulate substances bodily balance by changes these rates
27
what is juxtaglomerular apparatus
macula densa = tall columnar shaped cells juxtagolmerular cells fill space and secrete renin
28
describe physiological control- ex
normal person drinks lots of water = reasborption of water decreased and excess water excreted in urine drink a lot so pee alot