cardiovascular - lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what do right and left pulmonary arteries do

A

blood from right side of heart goes to right lung

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2
Q

what do right and left pulmonary veins do

A

blood from lungs which is now oxygenated returns to heart - left side

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3
Q

describe arteries and veins

A

arteries = move blood from heart, carry oxygenated blood (mostly)
veins = bring blood back to heart, carry deoxygenated blood (mostly)

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4
Q

describe walls/septums

A

inter atrial septum
inter ventricular septum = boundary between right and left halves
right ventricular free wall = 1/10th, low pressure system
left ventricular free wall = v thick, lots of power, high pressure system

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5
Q

describe coronary circulation - gen

A

heart has own circulation
coronary arteries = branch off above valve that feeds aorta
blood returns through veins and goes back to right atrium

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6
Q

describe coronary arteries

A

branch off just above aortic valve
supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

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7
Q

describe coronary veins

A

coronary veins and coronary sinus empty deoxy blood into right atrium

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8
Q

what happens when blockage of coronary arteries

A

myocardial infarction = heart attack
plaque if lodged = turbulent flow
intervention needed

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9
Q

name cardiac valves

A

tricuspid - right heart
pulmonary valve (pulmonic)
mitral valve (bicuspid) - left heart
aortic valve
make sure blood is not back flowing

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10
Q

describe cardiac valves

A

left av = bicuspid = 2 leaflets
right av = tricuspid = 3 leaflets
left aortic semi lunar valve
right pulmonary semi lunar valve
semilunar = looks like half moon

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11
Q

describe chordae tendinae and papillary muscles

A

chordae = connect to muscle and holds on
prevents prolapse from massive amounts of pressure

papillary muscle = contracts when ventricle contracts

both make structure strong

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12
Q

what is pericardium

A

bag that surrounds heart
pericardial sac
does not expand, but v flexible, prevents overfilling
protects heart physically from damage and rest of body
provides pericardial fluid (~70ml)= lubricant to allow heart to freely contract with no friction, generated from serous membranes

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13
Q

what is epicardium

A

outer layer of heart tissue
epithelial cells

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14
Q

what is myocardium

A

muscle
specialized cells

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15
Q

what is endocardium

A

inner layer of heart tissue
endothelial cells

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16
Q

what is fibrous ring

A

between atria and ventricles = thick part
electrically isolates it
except av small node

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17
Q

sinus node aka

A

sinoatrial node
sa node

18
Q

av node aka

A

atrioventricular

19
Q

bundle of his aka

A

his bundle
av bundle
atrioventricular bundle

20
Q

purkyne fibers aka

A

purkinje fibers

21
Q

his purknje system aka

A

bundle of his + left and right bundle branches + purkinje fibers

22
Q

what is pace making activity

A

sa node = main pacemaker
av node and cells of his purkinje system can beat spontaneously if sa node fails to fire

his purkinje system = 1/700ms
purkinje alone = 1/2secs or so

23
Q

describe activation sequence - 1

A

sinus node
small cluster cells specialized = electrical properties allow them to beat on their own, even if take heart out of body
beat 1/sec
electrical cascade = end up with wave of propagation and propagates through atria

24
Q

describe activation sequence - 2

A

wave from sa node now propagates through atria

25
describe activation sequence - 3
hits av node transmits electrical signals to ventricles conducts signals slowly = delay so atria can empty blood into ventricles
26
describe activation sequence - 4
bundle of his specialized cardiac cells - v quick
27
describe activation sequence - 5
left and right bundle branches left bundle branch somewhat leaky = so septum becomes activated = have wave of propagation through system septum - left to right and down
28
describe activation sequence - 6
purkinje fibers connect with all myoctes in ventricle then ventricles contract
29
describe activation sequence - 7
left and right ventricular myocardium endo to epi
30
describe bundle branches
right bundle branch well insulated by ct left bundle branch not completely isolated from the septum = so propagation in septum left to right and top to bottom
31
describe Purkinje Fibre structure
large tree like structure
32
describe sinus node
initiate an impulse (with every heartbeat – 1/sec)
33
describe atrioventricular node
transfer the signal from the atria to ventricles (via the bundle branches) Impose a delay between atrial and ventricular contraction Acts as a secondary pacemaker
34
describe bundle branches
Rapidly conduct signal from AV node to Purkinje fibers anatomy causes septum to activate first
35
describe purkinje fibers
Branching network running just under endocardium activate all cells in both ventricles at roughly same time conduction from endo to epi - inside out coordinated contraction maximizes pressure (and force *efficient)
36
describe impulse propagation between myocytes
how signal travels between myocytes electrically connected
37
describe intercalated disk
many gap junctions found near intercalated disks connection between cells via gap junctions occur primarily longitudinally - at ends of cells makes tiny pore between cells = very tiny cells form hemi channels on their own ions flow freely through
38
describe local circuit currents = numbers
hyperpolarized then depolarized cell = +20mv resting cell = -80mv +ve ions move due to electrical gradient between cells K+= cell A-->B cytoplasmic Na+= cell B-->A interstitial
39
describe local circuit currents - generally
sodium = net flow outside cells, low concentration net pos charge on cell with ap K+ net flow inside cells, high concentration to cell B pos to neg attraction sodium channels open and change in conformation and depolarizes cells coupled by gap junctions
40
describe having local circuits during repolarization
cell A repolarizes before cell B B now +vs 20mv while A is -ve 80mv local currents flow in opp direction
41
where can interstitial currents be sensed
currents on outside can be sensed by electrodes on body interstitial currents can be sensed at the surface of the body