digestion - lecture 5 Flashcards
describe enterogastric reflex
factors in duo also control rate of gastric emptying /antral peristalsis
what is vomiting
emptying of the contents of upper git
what does vomiting result from
increase in intraabdominal pressure due to action of diaphragm and abdominal pressures - git is mostly passive - not reverse peristalsis
describe vomiting steps
oral direction - to mouth
proximal stomach and above relax
upper duo and distal stomach contract
gradient of pressure due to concerted contraction of abdominal muscles = diagram lowers (decreases barrier of les) and abdominal muscles contract
intraabdominal pressure increases bc muscles contract and overcomes les resistance
describe regulation of vomiting - afferent
pharyngeal stimulation - gag reflex
git or urogenital distension - contents go too quickly to duo
pain, cardiac ischemia - childbirth
biochemical diseq
vestibular signals
psychogenic factors = site or smell of something
what precedes and accompanies vomiting
Imbalance between parasymp and symp
sweating, vasoconstriction, salivation, alternating bradychardia, tachycardia
describe regulation of vomiting - efferent
widespread autonomic discharge
nausea
retching
emesis
need vomitting center to vomit
what helps emesis
high resistance at distal end of stomach = relaxation of upper gi tract and spasm of plyoric antrum and duodenum
contraction of abdominal muscles and diaphragm
where do afferent impulses to vomiting center come from
can arise from many places
what is ctz
chemoreceptor trigger zone = in medulla, outside blood brain barrier
agents in bloodstream can act on this = toxins or emetic substances
distinct from vomiting center
sends signals to vomiting center
chemotherapy drugs activate ctz
name the 3 stages of vomiting
nausea
retching
emesis
describe nausea - stages of vomiting
pyschic experience
describe retching - stages of vomiting
abrupt
uncoordinated respiratory movements with glottis closed
describe emesis - stages of vomiting
actual expulsion of contents of upper git
what happens during emesis
person takes deep breath, glottis closes, abdominal muscles contract and exert pressure on gastric contents
when is emesis completed
with the reversal of thoracic pressures from neg to pos
as diaphragm displaced upwards = forces eso contents to be expelled through the mouth
describe small intestine - function
most digestion and ALL absorption of nutrients occur in si
describe small intestine - regions
duodenum - mostly digest and absorb
jejunum
Ileum - some things can only be absorbed here
what are functions of upper si
neutralization
osmotic equilibration
digestion
absorption
describe neutralization
chyme from stomach is v acidic
must be rapidly neutralized
stomach mucosa protected from acid but si mucosa isnt