cardiovascular - lecture 2 Flashcards by Misha Gandhi

what is comparative physiology

subdiscipline of physiology that studies and exploits diversity of functional characteristics and various kinds of organisms

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describe insect circulation gen

dorsal aorta - no closure, open
ostium = pumps, contracts = part of heart
blood enters posterior
valves so wont go back * efficient
always has openings - v simple
fluid pumped is hemolymph not blood

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what is hemolymph

circulatory fluid in insects, spiders, crustaceans etc
corresponds to blood and isf in vertebrates

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describe circulatory system of insects

does not transport oxygen unlike circulatory system of vertebrates
does not have hemoglobin
respiration carried out by tracheal system
open system with circulation from back to front - due to dorsal vessel made of an aorta and thoracic bulbs (heart)

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describe heart part of insects

heart part = small chambers ending in valves called ostiole
this is where hemolymph pumped
valves close with each contraction - allows fluid to move from back to front

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describe fish circulation

closed circulation
single loop circulation
2 chambers
gil capillaries = exchange o2, o2 rich and depleted o2 blood, sends blood to gils, feeds organs

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describe circulatory system of fish

unlike mammals fish have single heart and not a double heart (no left/right ventricles/atria or venous or arterial)
blood arrives through veins into cavity (atrium) then enters ventricle
ventricle has large muscular wall that allows blood to be sent into artery when contracts
blood reoxygenated at level of gill branches

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describe amphibian and most reptilians circulatory system

closed circulation
double loop circulation
3 chambers
other loop for o2 exchange
one ventricle = mixed blood
1 loop for organs - periphery

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describe circulatory system of amphibians

closed
2 circulations = small or pulmonocutaneous circuit and large or systemic circuit
heart = 3 chambers, 2 atria, 1 ventricle

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what does small circulation do - amphibians

leaves ventricle towards the lungs and skin - places where gas exchange happens

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describe blood movement - amphibians

blood enriched in o2 returns to left atrium then passes into ventricle which ejects blood into systemic circ
oxygen depleted blood returns to right atrium then to ventricle to start circuit again

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One ventricle – How does that work in terms of oxygen rich vs oxygen depleted blood?

dont get mixed bc structure and pressure of heart = does not need septum
pressure is perfect
not much mixing

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describe croc/alligator circulation

2 aortas - allow alligator to function underwater
underwater = less oxygenated blood

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describe croc heart

4 chambers = 2 atriums (LA/RA) and 2 ventricles (LV/RV) like mammals and birds
2 aortas = right which connects left ven to systemic circ (like mammals) and a left which connects right ven to systemic circ

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describe when underwater - croc/alligator

valve between right ven and pulmonary circ = called gear tooth valve
closed

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describe blood movement - croc/alligator

gear tooth valve closes = o2 poor blood from right side of heart to enter left aorta and enter systemic circ
on left side of heart the valve to aorta is also closed and tissues receive blood poor in o2

describe avians and mammalian circ

right heart = pulmonary circ
left heart = systemic circ
closed circulation
double loop circ
4 chambers

describe avians and mammalian heart

4 chambers = 2 atria and 2 ventricles separated by septum

describe avians and mammalian 2 circulations

right side sends blood to lung - pulmonary circ
left side sends blood to rest of body - systemic circ

describe avians and mammalian - unlike amphibians and reptiles

oxygenated blood separated from deoxy = allow better supply of o2 to cells and tissues
we warm blooded

what are hemodynamics

the branch of physiology dealing with the forces involved in the circulation of the blood
the circulation and movement of blood in the body, and the forces involved therein

what is blood volume

5L (75ml/kg)

what is 1 unit of blood

450mL
vol of blood contained in a bag containing a therapeutic dose of blood used for transfusions

describe venous system

capacitance - 61%
more blood since like reservoir
compliant = can change accordingly to changes in vol

describe arterial system

arterial system - resistance - 18% ensure enough of forces to make blood flow the same resistance = changes in vol increase resistance

what is stroke volume

70 ml = vol of blood pumped out of heart during each contraction end diastolic vol - end systolic vol

what is venous return

refers to flow of blood from periphery back to atrium and is equal to cardiac output

what is cardiac output

amount of bloof heart pumps in one min equal to heart rate x stroke vol

describe flow - series parallel circuit

separates and diff amounts go to diff areas ex: during exercise vs digestion - increase blood flow of muscles - redistribution of blood flow always changing equal vols in and out - 5L

how to calculate flow

flow = v/t vol/time mL/min or L/min cardiac output = 5L/min normalized = ml/min/100gm

what is flow

blow flow is vol of blood circulating per min of time expressed in mL/min or L/min

ex of flow calculation = what is the blood flow into the collection bag during a blood donation?

flow = vol/time flow = 450ml/10min = 45mL/min if remove too much = faint

describe cross sectional area and flow velocity

flow = area x velocity (cm^2 x cm/sec or cm^3/sec) velocity = not necessarily the same at every point in cross section flow = area x MEAN velocity increase lumen (area) = increase flow increase vol = increase flow when touch walls = greatest resistance near surface, slowest flow least resistance at center = greatest flow so faster

describe major types of vessels in cvs

resistance vessels = keeps pressure going, big large pressure, large diameter = aorta, arteries, arterioles capillaries = simple, thin, gas diffusion, efficient system, many since slow things down = for proper perfusion

describe flow – cross sectional area (TOTAL) and flow velocity

increase area = decrease velocity so proper diffusion area = have many so combined higher area

what is systole and diastole

diastole = heart ventricle opens systole = when heart pumps again

describe structure of vessels

helps it work venules have valves - stop blood from going backwards 30% of blood in systemic circ found in arteries, 5% in capillaries and 65% in veins

what are the advantages of the branching network

cells close to capillary high total area (cross sectional) of wall of capillaries low blood flow velocity in capillaries high cross sectional area