Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

USMLE Rapid Review > Renal/GU > Flashcards

Renal/GU Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

RTA associated w/ abnormal HCO3 and rickets

A

RTA type II (proximal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

RTA associated w/ aldosterone defect

A

RTA type IV (distal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

“doughy” skin

A

hypernatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

differential of hypervolemic hyponatremia

A

cirrhosis, CHF, nephritic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

chvostek’s sign - facial twitch upon tapping the facial nerve
trousseau’s sign - spasm of the hand induced by inflating BP cuff
signs of?

A

hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

most common causes of hypercalcemia

A

malignancy and hyperparathyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

t-wave flattening and u waves

A

hypokalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

peak t-waves and widened QRS

A

hyperkalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

first line tx for moderate hypercalcemia

A

IV hydration and loop diuretics (furosemide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

type of acute renal failure in a pt w/ FeNa

A

prerenal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pt presents w/ acute-onset flank pain and hematuria

A

nephrolithiasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

most common type of nephrolithasis

A

calcium oxalate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

20 yo male presents w/ palpable flank mass and hematuria; US shows bilateral enlargement of the kidneys w/ cysts. name associations to this dz?

A

AD-PKD - associated w/ berry aneurysms, mitral valve prolapse, benign hepatic cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hematuria, HTN, and oliguria

A

nephritic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipiduria, and edema

A

nephrotic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

most common form of nephritic syndrome

A

membranous glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

most common form of glomerulonephritis

A

IgA nephropathy (berger’s dz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

glomerulonephritis w/ deafness

A

alport’s syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

glomerulonephritis w/ hemoptysis

A

goodpasture’s syndrome and wegner’s granulomatosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

presence of red cell casts in urine sediment

A

glomerulonephritis/nephritic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

eosinophils in urine sediment

A

allergic interstitial nephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

waxy casts in urine sediment and maltese crosses (seen w/ lipiduria)

A

nephrotic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

drowsiness, asterixis, nausea, and pericardial friction rub

A

uremic syndrome seen in pts w/ renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

55 yo male diagnosed w/ prostate cancer. tx options?

A

wait, surgical resection, radiation, and/or androgen suppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

low urine specific gravity in the presence of high serum osmolality

A

DI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

tx of SIADH

A

fluid restriction or demeclocycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

hematuria, flank pain, and palpable mass

A

renal cell carcinoma

28
Q

testicular cancer associated w/ b-hCG and AFP

A

choriocarcinoma

29
Q

most common type of testicular cancer

A

seminoma (type of germ cell tumor)

30
Q

most common histology of bladder cancer

A

transitional cell carcinoma

31
Q

complication of overly rapid correction of hyponatremia

A

central pontine myelinolysis

32
Q

salicylate ingestion occurs in what type of acid-base disorder?

A

anion gap acidosis and primary respiratory alkalosis due to central respiratory stimulation

33
Q

acid-base disturbance commonly seen in prego women

A

respiratory alkalosis

34
Q

three systemic dz that lead to nephrotic syndrome

A

DM, SLE, and amyloidosis

35
Q

elevated EPO levels, elevated hematocrit, and normal O2 sat suggests?

A

RCC or other EPO-producing tumor; evaluate w/ CT scan

36
Q

55 yo man presents w/ irritative and obstructive urinary symptoms. tx options?

A

likely BPH - tx includes none, terazosin, finasterid, or surgical intervention (TURP)

37
Q

RTA associated w/ abnormal H+ secretion and nephrolithiasis

A

RTA type I (distal)

38
Q

medications (7) that cause hyperkalemia

A
  1. non-selective beta-blockers - interferes w/ beta-2-mediated intracellular K uptake
  2. ACE-I/ARB/K sparing diuretics - inhibition of aldosterone or the ENaC channel
  3. digitalis - inhibition of the Na-K-ATPase pump
  4. cyclosporine - blocks aldosterone activity
  5. heparin - blocks aldosterone production
  6. NSAIDs - decreases renal perfusion resulting in decreased K delivery to the collecting ducts
  7. succinylcholine - causes extracellular leakage of K through acetylcholine receptors
39
Q

mgmt of hyperkalemia

A

initial mgmt should include an ECG to evaluate conduction abnormalities. acute therapy (i.e. calcium gluconate, insulin w/ glucose, etc) is typically reserved for pts w/ ECG changes, K ≥ 7.0 w/o ECG changes, or rapidly rising K due to tissue breakdown

40
Q

tx for acute hyperkalemia (4)

A 
calcium gluconate (given first to stabilize cardiac cell membranes), insulin w/ glucose (quick way to shift K into the cells), beta-2 adrenergic agonists/albuterol (promotes cellular reuptake of K), and sodium bicarbonate (also shifts K into the cells); can also use dialysis is symptomatic and refractory
* note in non-acute hyperkalemia can also use Kayexalate (sodium polystryrene sulfonate) which blocks K absorption
41
Q

indications for urgent dialysis

A

AEIOU:
acidosis - metabolic acidosis w/ pH 6.5 that is refractory to medical therapy)
ingestion - toxic alcohols (methanol, ethylene glycol), salicylate, lithium, sodium valproate, carbamazepine
overload - volume overload refractory to diuretics
uremia - symptomatic (encephalpathy, pericarditis, bleeding)

42
Q

differentiate IgA nephropathy from postinfectious glomerulonephritis

A

IgA nephropathy has earlier onset post-URI/GI infection (usually w/in 5 days) and has normal serum complement levels (normal C3) vs postinfectious glomerulonephritis follows recent GAS infection (usually 2-6 weeks later) and has low serum complement (low C3) and ASO titer

43
Q

causes of anion-gap metabolic acidosis

A 
MUDPILERS:
methanol
uremia
DKA
paraldehyde or phenformin
iron, INH
lactic acidosis
ethylene glycol
rhabdomyolysis
salicylates, sepsis
44
Q

muddy brown casts

A

acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

45
Q

white cell casts

A

pyelonephritis

46
Q

etiology of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

A

ischemia or nephrotoxic agents

47
Q

dz associated w/ focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

A

HIV, heroin/IV drug use

48
Q

dz associated w/ membranous nephropathy

A

Hepatits B

49
Q

bacteria associated w/ staghorn calculi

A

urease producing organisms such as proteus

50
Q

only kidney stone that is radiolucent. associated w/?

A

uric acid stones. associated w/ gout, xanthine oxidase def, and high purine turnover states (chemo)

51
Q

kidney stone that has + urinary cyanide nitroprusside test

A

cystine stones

52
Q

painless causes vs painful causes of scrotal swelling

A 
painless = hydrocele (asymptomatic and transilluminates) and varicocele (vague pain, L more than R, bag of worms, does not transilluminate)
painful = epididymitis (pain may decrease w/ scrotal elevation = + prehn's sign) and testicular torsion (acute onset pain w/ N/V, - prehn's sign, loss of cremasteric reflex)
53
Q

which drugs are an absolute contraindication to sildenafil

A

nitrates

54
Q

differentiate mixed germ cell tumors vs seminoma based on b-hCG and AFP

A

mixed germ cell tumors - elevated b-hCG and AFP

seminoma - elevated b-hCG, but normal AFP

55
Q

normal urine output in adults vs children

A 
adults = 0.5 mL/kg/hr
children = 1.0 mL/kg/hr
56
Q

urine loss - after increased intra-abdominal pressure (coughing, sneezing, lifting)

A

stress incontinence

57
Q

urine loss - strong, unexpected urge to void that is unrelated to position or activity

A

urge incontinence

58
Q

urine loss - chronic urinary retention

A

overflow incontinence

59
Q

mechanism of stress incontinence

A

urethral sphincter insufficiency due to laxity of pelvic floor musculature (common in multi-parous women or after pelvic surgery)

60
Q

mechanism of urge incontinence

A

detrusor hyperreflexia or sphincter dysfunction due to inflammatory conditions or neurogenic disorders of the bladder

61
Q

mechanism of overflow incontinence

A

chronically distended bladder w/ increased intravesical pressure that just exceeds the outlet resistance, allowing a small amount of urine to dribble out

62
Q

electrolyte imbalances seen in vomiting

A

prolonged and excessive vomiting depletes the body of water (dehydration), and may alter the electrolyte status. gastric vomiting leads to the loss of acid (protons) and chloride directly –> alkaline tide –> hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis

decreased Cl, decreased K, increased HCO3

63
Q

most common cause of chronic renal insufficiency/failure in male children only

A

posterior urethral valves

64
Q

most common cause of recurrent UTIs in infants and children

A

VUR

65
Q

dietary recommendations for pts w/ renal calculi?

A
  1. decreased dietary protein and oxalate
  2. decreased sodium intake
  3. increased fluid intake
  4. increased dietary calcium
66
Q

pt w/ personal and family hx of recurrent kidney stones that are hard and radiopaque. UA may show typical hexagonal crystals. urinary cyanide nitroprusside test is positive

A

cystinuria

USMLE Rapid Review (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions