Epidemiology/Ethics

Question 1

in _______ studies, the researcher determines whether the participates are exposed or unexposed and follows them over time for disease development

Answer 1

cohort studies

Question 2

in _________ studies, the research determines whether the participants have the disease or not and determines if they were exposed or unexposed.

Answer 2

case-control studies

Question 3

in _______ studies, the researcher determines disease prevalence at one point in time

Answer 3

cross-sectional studies

Question 4

bias introduced into a study when a clinician is aware of the pt’s tx type

Answer 4

observational bias

Question 5

bias introduced when a third variable is either positively or negatively associated w/ both the exposure and the outcome variables, inducing an incorrect association

Answer 5

confounding bias

Question 6

bias introduced as a result from differences in retrospective recall of past factors or outcomes

Answer 6

recall bias

Question 7

bias introduced as a result from earlier detection of disease, giving an appearance of prolonged survival when in fact that natural course is not altered

Answer 7

lead-time bias

Question 8

type of error - defined as the probability of concluding that there is a difference in tx effects between groups when in fact there is not (rejecting the null hypothesis when it should not be rejected)

Answer 8

type I (alpha) error

Question 9

type of error - defined as the probability that there is no difference in tx effects when in fact there is a difference (not rejecting the null hypothesis when it should be rejected)

Answer 9

type II (beta) error

Question 10

difference between incidence and prevalence?

Answer 10

incidence is the percentage of new cases of disease that develop over a given time period among the total population at risk vs prevalence is the percentage of cases of disease in a population at one snapshot in time
(incidence looks at new cases vs prevalence looks at all current cases)

Question 11

3 levels of prevention:

Answer 11

1. primary prevention - preventive measures that decrease the incidnece of disease
2. secondary prevention - preventive measures that focus on identifying the disease early and implementing measures that can halt or slow progression
3. tertiary prevention - preventive measures that decrease the morbidity or mortality resulting from the presence of disease

Question 12

health screening for women 19-39 y/o

Answer 12

pap q 2yrs at 21, then q 3yrs at 30; pelvic yearly > 21; g/c yearly from sexual active - 24; HIV at least once

Question 13

health screening for women 40-49 y/o

Answer 13

mxr q 1-2yrs, pap q 3yrs; pelvic yearly; blood glucose or A1c at 45, then q 3yrs

Question 14

health screening for women 50-64 y/o

Answer 14

mxr q 1-2yrs, pap q 3yrs; pelvic yearly; blood glucose or A1c q 3yrs; colorectal (fecal occult blood yearly, flex sig q 5yrs, or colonscopy q 10 yrs)

Question 15

health screening for women >65 y/o

Answer 15

mxr q 1-2yrs; pelvic yearly; blood glucose or A1c q 3yrs; colorectal (fecal occult blood yearly, flex sig q 5yrs, or colonscopy q 10 yrs); DEXA scan

Question 16

health screening for men 19-39 y/o

Answer 16

testicular exam; STD and HIV status at least once

Question 17

health screening for men 40-49 y/o

Answer 17

blood glucose or A1c at 45, then q 3yrs

Question 18

health screening for men 50-64 y/o

Answer 18

blood glucose or A1c q 3yrs; colorectal (fecal occult blood yearly, flex sig q 5yrs, or colonscopy q 10 yrs)

Question 19

health screening for men >65 y/o

Answer 19

blood glucose or A1c q 3yrs; colorectal (fecal occult blood yearly, flex sig q 5yrs, or colonscopy q 10 yrs);