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USMLE Rapid Review > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade

A

hypotension, diminished heart sounds, and JVD

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2
Q

classic ECG findings of atrial flutter

A

sawtooth p waves

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3
Q

definition of unstable angina

A

angina that is new, is worsening, or occurs at rest

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4
Q

anti-HTN med for diabetic pt w/ proteinuria

A

ACE-I

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5
Q

drugs that slow the heart

A

beta-blockers, CCBs, digoxin, and amiodarone

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6
Q

hypercholesterolemia tx that leads to flushing and pruritis. pre-tx w/ this med to reduce?

A

niacin. ASA

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7
Q

murmur - HOCM

A

systolic ejection murmur heard along the lateral sternal border that increases w/ decreased preload (valsalva)

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8
Q

murmur - aortic insufficiency

A

austin flint murmur - diastolic, decrescendo, low-pitched, blowing murmur that is best heard sitting up; increases w/ increased afterload (handgrip)

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9
Q

murmur - aortic stenosis

A

systolic crescendo/decrescendo murmur that radiates to the neck; increases w/ increased preload (squatting)

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10
Q

murmur - mitral regurg

A

holosystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla; increases w/ increased afterload (handgrip)

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11
Q

murmur - mitral stenosis

A

diastolic, mid-to-late, low pitched murmur preceded by an opening snap

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12
Q

tx for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter

A

if unstable, cardiovert. if stable or chronic, rate control w/ beta-blocker or CCBs

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13
Q

tx for ventricular fibrillation

A

immediate cardioversion

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14
Q

dressler’s syndrome

A

an autoimmune reaction w/ fever, pericarditis, and increased ESR occuring 2-4 wks post MI

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15
Q

pulsus paradoxus

A

a decrease in systolic BP of > 10 mm Hg w/ inspiration that is seen in cardiac tamponade

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16
Q

classic ECG findings in pericarditis

A

low voltage, diffuse ST-segment elevation

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17
Q

eval of pulsatile abdominal mass and bruit

A

abdominal US and CT

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18
Q

indications for surgical repair of AAA

A

> 5.5 cm, rapidly enlarging, symptomatic, or ruptured

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19
Q

tx for ACS

A

morphine, O2, nitro, ASA, heparin, clopidogrel, beta-blockers

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20
Q

characteristics of metabolic syndrome

A

abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, low HDL, HTN, insulin resistance, prothrombotic or proinflammatory states

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21
Q

target LDL in pt w/ DM

A

less than 70

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22
Q

signs of active ischemia during stress testing

A

angina, ST-segment changes on ECG, or decreased BP

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23
Q

ECG findings suggesting MI

A

ST-segment elevation (depression means ischemia), flattened T waves, and Q waves

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24
Q

young female pt w/ angina at rest (most commonly at night) w/ ST segment elevations and normal cardiac enzymes

A

prinzmetal’s angina

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25
Q

common symptoms of silent MIs

A

CHF, shock, and AMS

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26
Q

diagnostic test for PE

A

spiral CT w/ contrast

27
Q

reverses effects of heparin

A

protamine

28
Q

coagulation parameter affected by warfarin

A

prothrombin time

29
Q

virchow’s triad of DVT/PE

A

stasis, hyper-coagulability, endothelial damage

30
Q

most common cause of HTN in young women? men?

A

OCPs. excessive ETOH

31
Q

figure 3 sign

A

aortic coarctation

32
Q

water bottle shaped heart

A

pericardial effusion, look for pulsus paradoxus

33
Q

differentiate stable angina vs unstable angina vs NSTEMI vs STEMI

A
  1. stable angina = chest pain that resolves w/ rest
  2. unstable angina = chest pain that is new, is worsening, is non-responsive to meds, or occurs at rest + no changes on EKG + no elevation of cardiac enzymes
  3. NSTEMI = chest pain + no changes on EKG + elevation of cardiac enzymes
  4. STEMI = chest pain + changes on EKG + elevation of cardiac enzymes
34
Q

EKG changes in pericarditis

A

diffuse ST segment elevation and PR-segment depression

35
Q

aortic aneurysm is associated w/ _________ vs aortic dissection is associated w/ __________

A

aortic aneurysm is associated w/ atherosclerosis vs aortic dissection is associated w/ hypertension

36
Q

potentially reversible causes of PEA (5Hs and Ts)

A

hypovolemia, hypoxia, hydrogen ions (acidosis), hypo/hyperkalemia, hypothermia, tension pneumothorax, tamponade, toxins (narcs/bzd), thrombosis, and trauma

37
Q

treat wolf-parkinson white with? avoid?

A

treat w/ cardioversion and anti-arrhythmics like procainamide. avoid AV nodal blockers such as BB, CCB, digoxin, or adenosine b/c they can cause increased conductance through the accessory pathway

38
Q

chaga’s dz is most common cause of myocarditis worldwide. other complications include?

A

megaesophagus and megacolon

39
Q

4 drugs shown to improve mortality in CHF pts?

A

ACE-I/ARB, beta-blockers, and spironolactone

40
Q

new onset heart failure in young pt? most common cause in US?

A

myocarditis. viral infection by coxsackie

41
Q

inferior MI may lead to right sided heart failure. s/s of this? tx?

A

s/s include hypotension, JVD, and clear lung fields. since pts are preload dependent, tx w/ IV fluids and avoidance of preload reducing meds like nitrates and diuretics

42
Q

DOC for dressler’s syndrome? avoid?

A

NSAIDs are drug of choice. avoid anticoagulation to prevent development of a hemorrhagic pericardial effusion

43
Q

first test in pts w/ high risk of DVT? in low risk of DVT?

A

high risk = USlow risk = d-dimer

44
Q

ddx for peripheral edema

A

HF, renal dz, venous insufficiency, and dihydropyridine CCBs

45
Q

how does nitro provide pain relief for angina?

A

by dilation of veins and decreased ventricular preload –> reduced wall stress and myocardial O2 demand

46
Q

postural or orthostatic hypotension is a common cause of syncope due to…

A

impaired baroreceptor sensitivity (autonomic failure) or volume depletion

47
Q

tx for cocaine-associated chest pain? avoid?

A

IV BZD, ASA, nitro, and CCBs. avoid beta-blockers b/c they can cause unopposed alpha adrenergic stimulation and worsen coronary vasoconstriction

48
Q

diastolic, continuous, or loud systolic mumurs should be investigated by…

A

TTE

49
Q

tx for hyperthyroidism-related tachysystoilc a. fib

A

beta-blocker

50
Q

EKG findings for pericardial effusion

A

electrical alterans (varying amplitude of the QRS complexes) w/ sinus tach - due to the swinging motion of the heart in the pericardial cavity causing a beat-to-beat variation in QRS axis and amplitude

51
Q

ASD is associated w/?

A

trisomy 21

52
Q

MVP is associated w/?

A

connective tissue disorders such as marfans, ehlers-danlos, and osteogenesis imperfecta

53
Q

PDA is associated w/?

A

congenital rubella syndrome and char syndrome

54
Q

tetralogy of fallot is associated w/?

A

down syndrome and digeorge syndrome

55
Q

VSD is associated w/?

A

aneuoploidy, including patau (13), edwards (18), and downs (21)

56
Q

bicuspid aortic valve is associated w/?

A

turner syndrome

57
Q

turner syndrome is associated w/ what cardiovascular abnormalities?

A

bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation of the aorta, and aortic root dilation

58
Q

ASD is associated w/?

A

trisomy 21

59
Q

MVP is associated w/?

A

connective tissue disorders such as marfans, ehlers-danlos, and osteogenesis imperfecta

60
Q

PDA is associated w/?

A

congenital rubella syndrome and char syndrome

61
Q

tetralogy of fallot is associated w/?

A

down syndrome and digeorge syndrome

62
Q

VSD is associated w/?

A

aneuoploidy, including patau (13), edwards (18), and downs (21)

63
Q

bicuspid aortic valve is associated w/?

A

turner syndrome

64
Q

turner syndrome is associated w/ what cardiovascular abnormalities?

A

bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation of the aorta, and aortic root dilation

USMLE Rapid Review (16 decks)

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