Renal filteration

Question 1

What happens in the reabsorption?

Answer 1

1.Reabsorption happens in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
2.Substance such as Na+ (65%), H20 (65%),HC03 (90%), Mg, K+(60%), Cl- (50%-60%) and Ca++ (60%)
3.Tubular reabsorption is the substances of the kideny tubule moving into the blood
4.Albumin and insulin are reabsorbed into the blood stream through endocytosis
5.Drugs , H+, NH4 and crecitine are secreted from the blood by ATP

Urea, glucose and amino acid also move into the blood

Question 2

What happens in the plasma osmolarity?

Answer 2

1.Blood plasma is 300mosm, outside and in the PCT, after the substance reabsorption it comes out the descending limb at 300mosm
2.Na+ (25%), K+(30%) and 2Cl(30%) are pumped out the ascending limb
3.Some of K+ leaked back into the ascending loop due to different gradient which caused positive membrane depolarisation making Ca+ and Mg+ leak out into the medullary space.
4.Water (15%) leaks out into the medullary spaces because of the solutes.

Question 3

What happens in the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 3

1. From the ascending it goes to the distal, in the distal there is more H20 (20%) and less salt (10%)
2. In the early distal 3 Na+ ions are pumped out, 2 K+ ions are pumed in, K+ pumps allow Na and Cl- into the blood
3. Parathyroid hormone binds to the receptor- GDP-ATP-cAMP- PKA- Phorsplyation so 10% of Ca is absorbed.

Question 4

What happens in the counter exchanger?

Answer 4

1. It helps to maintain the saltness in the medullary spaces and to prevent rapid remover of NaCl-
2. The saltiness increases down the exchanger so the H20 leaks out into the medullary spaces causing Na- and Cl- to move into the countercurrent
3. The other countercurrrent exchanger tube lets H20 comes back into it and the salt is mostly thrown out

Question 5

What happens in the Last distal tubules?

Answer 5

1.Aldosterone is stimulated by Na+ & K+
2.Aldosterone stimulates a gene to make 3 proteins which is 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in the filterated to increase Nacl and decrease K+
3.Supra optic is stimulated by the osomo receptors which release ADH, ADH stimulates a cell to make aquapon 2 , allowing the channels to open for the H20 to go into the bloodstream
4.ADH goes oto the collecting duct and binds to the receptor GDP- ATP-cAMP-PKA- phorslytaion for proetins on the vesicles moving them yo the membrane.