Renal AP Flashcards
Which of the following statements is NOT a function of the Kidneys?
The kidneys regulate blood pressure and blood glucose
The kidneys regulate pH and ionic composition of the blood
The kidneys produce hormones erythropoietin and calcitrol
The kidneys return ammonia and urea to the blood stream
The kidneys return ammonia and urea to the blood stream
The kidneys are located in the ____________ space.
Pelvic cavity
Peritoneal cavity
Retroperitoneal
Abdominal
Retroperitoneal
Which of the following statements regarding the location of the kidneys is CORRECT?
The right kidney is lower due to the spleen
The left kidney is lower due to the size of the liver
The right kidney is lower due to the size of the liver
The left kidney is lower due to the stomach filling after a meal
The right kidney is lower due to the size of the liver
The entrance into the kidney is called the:
Renal hilum
Renal column
Renal pyramid
Renal sinus
Renal hilum
The renal pyramids are located within the:
Renal Column
Renal Cortex
Renal Medulla
Renal Capsule
Renal Medulla
A renal lobe consists of the following:
Renal Cortex
Renal Medulla
Nephrons
All of the above
all of the above
There are three distinct layers of tissue that surround each kidney. Which of the following layers is considered to be the most superficial?
Adipose Capsule
Renal Capsule
Renal Fascia
Renal Nephron
Renal Fascia
There are three distinct layers of tissue that surround each kidney. Which of the following statements correlates to the renal fascia?
Anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures and the abdominal wall
Mass of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule
Serves as a barrier against trauma and maintains kidney shape
The deepest layers of the 3 tissues
Anchors the kidney to the surrounding structures and the abdominal wall
Which of the following pathways lists the CORRECT sequence of urine formation in the kidney?
Pyramidal nephron minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis ureter bladder urethra
v
Pyramidal nephron minor calyx major calyx renal pelvis urethra bladder ureter
Major calyx Minor calyx Pyramidal nephron renal pelvis ureter bladder urethra
Pyramidal nephron major calyx minor calyx renal pelvis ureter bladder urethra
The renal corpuscle is composed of a glomerulus and the______________:
Proximal convoluted tubule
Glomerular/Bowman’s capsule
Loops of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Glomerular/Bowman’s capsule
Which section of the nephron comes directly after the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
Descending limb of the loop
Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Distal convoluted tubule
Which of the following should NOT be found in the glomerular filtrate of healthy individuals?
Glucose
Plasma protein
Urea
Amino acids
Plasma protein
Which of the following cells forms pedicles that encircle the glomerular capillaries?
Podocytes
Macula densa
Principal cells
Intercalated cells
Podocytes
The ¬___________________ is prominent in the final part of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, which makes contact with the afferent arteriole.
Macula densa
Juxtaglomerular cells
Principal cells
Podocytes
Macula densa
Which of the following cells have receptors for the Antidurietic Hormone that facilitates water reabsorption?
Principal cells
Intercalated cells
Juxtaglomerular cells
Podocyte cells
Principal cells
Which of the following CORRECTLY describes the function of podocytes?
Monitors the distal tubular fluid chloride concentration
Regulates filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure
Upon contraction, they close filtration slits thus reducing the GFR
Permits the filtration of large plasma proteins at the glomerulus
Upon contraction, they close filtration slits thus reducing the GFR
Which of the following structures receives urine from the major calyx of the kidney?
The ureter
The renal pelvis
The minor calyx
The convoluted tubules
The renal pelvis
Which of the following structures receives urine from the Renal Pyramid of the kidney?
The ureter
The renal pelvis
The minor calyx
The convoluted tubules
The minor calyx
Which of the following anatomical surfaces do the kidneys rest against?
Pelvic floor
Posterior thorax
Anterior abdominal wall
Posterior abdominal wall
Posterior abdominal wall
Which anatomical structure is considered to be the functional unit of a kidney?
Ureter
Medulla
Nephron
Glomerulus
Nephron
Which of the following regions contains the majority of the kidneys glomeruli?
Cortex
Capsule
Medulla
Renal pelvis
Cortex
Tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubules into the _________________.
Loop of Henle
Renal corpuscle
Peritubular capillaries
Renal cortex
Peritubular capillaries
Which section of the renal tubules does the Parathyroid hormone affect?
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Duct
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule
The kidneys are abundantly supplied with blood vessels, which all come from the right and left renal arteries. Which of the following blood vessels enters the renal corpuscle first?
Afferent arterioles
Glomerular capillaries
Efferent arterioles
Renal vein
Afferent arterioles
The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at which of the following structures?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Glomerulus
Loop of Henle
Which of the following renal functions is CORRECT with respect to the Parathyroid hormone?
Stimulates the release of ADH
Decreases overall blood volume
Increases glomerular filtration rates
Increases reabsorption of Ca2+
increases reabsorption of Ca2+
Which of the following organs can release Atrial Naturiuretic Peptide (ANP) when normal blood volume and pressure becomes too great?
The liver
The heart
The kidney
The adrenal gland
The heart
Which of the following epithelial cell types is found in the inner most lining of the urinary bladder?
Stratified Columnar epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Ciliated cuboidal epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Transitional epithelium
Which structure is final structure in the sequence of urine flow?
Ureter
Kidney
Bladder
Urethra
Urethra
Glomerular Filtration depends on three main pressures. One pressure promotes filtration and two pressures oppose filtration. Which of the following statements is the CORRECT definition of the Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP)?
Hydrostatic pressure is due to the presence of plasma proteins
The pressure of the filtrate in the glomerular that promotes filtration
The pressure within the afferent arterioles opposes filtration
The pressure within the glomerular capillaries promotes filtration
The pressure within the glomerular capillaries promotes filtration
Calculate the Net Filtration Pressure given the following values: Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure:55 mmHg: Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure:15 mmHg Blood Osmotic Pressure:30 mmHg:
55 mmHg
10 mmHg
30 mmHg
100 mmHg
10 mmHg
Autoregulation occurs within the kidneys themselves in order to help maintain constant renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Which of the following types of regulation is responsible for decreasing glomerular filtration rates?
Tubularglomerular feedback
Atrial Naturiuretic Peptide Hormone
Myogenic mechanism
Both A and C
Tubularglomerular feedback
Myogenic mechanism
Which of the following mechanisms occurs when stretching triggers contraction of smooth muscle cells in the walls of afferent arterioles?
Myogenic mechanism
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Neural regulation
Hormonal regulation
Myogenic mechanism
Which of the following structures is a small tube leading from the internal urethral sphincter to the exterior of the body?
Urethra
External urethral spincter
Ureter
Renal pelvis
Urethra
Which of the following statements CORRECTLY identifies a function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) in the kidney?
The PCT secretes Na+ for excretion in the urine
The PCT reabsorbs a variable amount of urea into the urine
The PCT secretes water into the urine to dilutes the solutes
The PCT reabsorbs nutrients like glucose, amino acid and vitamins
The PCT reabsorbs nutrients like glucose, amino acid and vitamins
Which of the following is the first step in urine formation?
Tubular secretion
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Glomerular secretion
Glomerular filtration
Which of the following terms corresponds to the return of filtered plasma to the blood?
Tubular secretion
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Glomerular secretion
Tubular reabsorption
Which of the following processes is NOT a function of the nephron?
Tubular secretion
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Glomerular reabsorption
Glomerular reabsorption
hich of the following functions of the nephron and collecting tubules is responsible for eliminating wastes from the body and controlling blood pH?
Tubular secretion
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Glomerular secretion
Tubular secretion
Which of the following statements identifies the CORRECT percentage of glomerular filtrate returned to the blood stream in the course of a day?
99% of the 15 -18 liters of fluid filtered in a day
75% of the 15 -18 liters of fluid filtered in a day
99% of the 150 -180 liters of fluid filtered in a day
75% of the 150 -180 liters of fluid filtered in a day
99% of the 150 -180 liters of fluid filtered in a day
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT in the role of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?
Decrease reabsorption of water in the blood vessels
Urine becomes more concentrated with solutes
Triggered by increased osmolarity of extracellular fluid
ADH can activate cells in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts
Decrease reabsorption of water in the blood vessels
Which of the following correctly identifies the pH range for blood?
5.35-8.45
2.35-6.45
7.35-7.45
8.35-10.45
7.35-7.45
_______________ forces water and most solutes in blood plasma across the selectively permeable walls of the glomerular capillaries.
Osmolarity
Blood pressure
pH
None of the above
Blood pressure
A 3-year-old child has been rewarded with a hug because she is now completely toilet trained. Which muscle is the one that she has learned to control?
Internal sphincter muscle
External sphincter muscle
Internal and external sphincter muscles
Biceps femoris
External sphincter muscle
An increase in the carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids increases hydrogen ion concentration as well; therefore, the __________ in pH can make body fluids more __________.
Decrease; acidic
Decrease; basic
Increase; acidic
Increase; basic
Decrease; acidic
Which of the following hormones enhances the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- in the nephron?
Angiotensin II
Antidiuretic Hormone
Aldosterone
Both A and C
Both A and C
Which of the following hormones is released from the adrenal cortex?
Aldosterone
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Antidiuretic hormone
Parathyroid hormone
Aldosterone
Under the influence of ADH, the kidneys can produce highly concentrated urine. Which of the following DOES NOT contribute to the production of concentrated urine by the kidneys?
Countercurrent flow through the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle
Urea recycling that causes build-up of urea in the renal medulla
Build-up of Na+ and Cl- in the renal medulla through the thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle
None of the above
None of the above
When dilute urine is being formed, the osmolarity of the fluid __________ as it goes down the descending loop of Henle, __________ as it goes up the ascending limb, and __________ as it flows through the rest of the nephron and collecting duct.
Increases; decreases; decreases
Increases; decreases; increases
Decreases; decreases; decreases
Decreases; increases; decreases
Increases; decreases; decreases
Once in the nephron, glucose can only be reabsorbed into the blood through the ______________.
Loop of Henle (ascending)
Loop of Henle (descending)
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
An elevation of plasma bicarbonate (HCO3-) and an increase in blood pH produces:
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT with respect to Renal Cystic Disease?
Dilation of tubular structures is present with cyst formation
Cysts may be single or multiple with varying sizes
Although they may arise as developmental abnormalities, most forms are hereditary
None of the above
none of the above
Which of the following pathologies corresponds to an increase in PCO2 and a decrease in plasma pH?
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Hypocapnia
Respiratory acidosis
Which of the following is the scientific term for infectious disorders of the lower urinary tract (ie. bladder infections)?
Hypercapnia
Nephrolithiasis
Cystisis
Renal Cysts
Cystisis
Which of the following events can be potential cause of Urinary Obstruction?
Pregnancy
Kidney stones
Infection leading to scar tissue formation
All of the above
all of the above
Which of the following molecules does NOT form a type of kidney stone?
Sodium
Calcium
Uric acid
Magnesium phosphate
Sodium
Which of the following conditions is suspected if these symptoms develop: acute, intermittent and excruciating flank pain on the affected side; pain may radiate to lower abdominal quadrant and pelvic area; vomiting and nausea?
Kidney stones
Kidney infection
Bladder infection
Simple renal cysts
Kidney stones
The washout phenomenon most accurately corresponds to the following statement:
Urine from the kidneys normally washes bacteria out of the ureters
Urine from the bladder normally washes bacteria out of the urethra
Urine from the kidneys normally washes bacteria from of the ureter
Urine from the bladder normally washes bacteria from of the urethra
Urine from the bladder normally washes bacteria out of the urethra
Which of the following is INCORRECT with regards to Chronic Renal Failure?
Chronic renal failure is a reversible disease
Diabetes can be a direct cause of chronic renal failure
It can result from any condition that causes permanent loss of nephrons
There is a progressive drop in the glomerular filtration rate
Chronic renal failure is a reversible disease
Which of the following body systems is affected by chronic renal failure?
Nervous system and Skeletal system
Immune System and Integumentary system
Cardiovascular, Reproductive and Gastrointestinal systems
All systems of the body are affected
All systems of the body are affected
