Gastrointestinal AP mock Flashcards by Mic W

Which one of the following structures is considered to be an accessory digestive organ?

Stomach
Esophagus
Gall Bladder
Pharynx

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From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange the layers in order from the lumen.
Incorrect Response
Serosa  mucosa  submucosa  muscularis externa
Submucosa  serosa  muscularis externa  mucosa
Muscularis externa  serosa  mucosa  submucosa
Mucosa  submucosa  muscularis externa  serosa

Mucosa  submucosa  muscularis externa  serosa

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Which of the following statements is CORRECT in regards to the Lesser Omentum?

Attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm
Suspends the stomach and duodenum to the liver
Descends from the stomach and drapes over the transverse colon and the small intestine
Double layered membranous structure that folds back on itself

Suspends the stomach and duodenum to the liver

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Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?

There are 27 permanent teeth

The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary teeth

There are 32 permanent teeth and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge

The number of maxillary permanent teeth is not equal to the number of mandibular permanent teeth

There are 32 permanent teeth and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge

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Which one of the following peritoneal folds binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?

Greater omentum
Lesser omentum
Incorrect Response
Falciform ligament
Mesentery

Mesentery

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Which of the following describes the location of the parotid salivary gland?

Anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue

The medial aspect of the mandibular body

Superior to the submandidular gland and on either side of the lingual frenulum

Anterior to the ear between the masseter muscle and overlying skin

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The process of salivation is controlled by the:

Sympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Enteric Nervous System

Both A and B

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Active proton pumps and the formation of certain compounds are essential during the chemical digestion process in the stomach. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT in regards to this process?

Parietal cells are responsible for secreting H+ and Cl- separately into the lumen of the stomach

Carbonic anhydrase enzyme catalyzes the formation of HCl in the luman of the stomach

Cl- and K+ can passively diffuse into the lumen of the stomach

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) exchanges for Cl- and enters blood capillaries

Carbonic anhydrase enzyme catalyzes the formation of HCl in the luman of the stomach

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Which of the four basic layers is NOT found in the Esophagus?

Mucosa

Serosa

Adventitia

Submucosa

Serosa

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Which of the following stimulates the cephalic phase of digestion?

The arrival of food in the stomach

The arrival of food in the small intestine

The smell, sight, and taste of food

The passage of through the large intestine

The smell, sight, and taste of food

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Which of the following exocrine gland cells secretes the digestive enzyme pepsinogen?

Goblet cells of the small intestine

Parietal cells of the duodenum

Mucous neck cells of the esophagus

Chief cells of the stomach

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Chyme is created in which of the following structures?

Mouth

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Stomach

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Which of the following correctly describes peristalsis?

Churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract

Waves of muscular contraction that propel contents from one point to another

The different regions of the small and large intestine

The movements of the tongue that occur during the mastication of food particles

Waves of muscular contraction that propel contents from one point to another

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Salivary amylase is an important digestive enzyme in the body. Initially, it is secreted in the oral cavity, but can remain active only under specific conditions. Which of the following statements is CORRECT in regards to salivary amylase?

Salivary amylase can be effective in the fundus if it does not mix with gastric acid

Salivary amylase is only active in the stomach when the bolus converts to chyme

Salivary amylase is responsible for the digestion of triglycerides

Gastric juices can easily activate salivary amylase and inactive lingual lipase

Salivary amylase can be effective in the fundus if it does not mix with gastric acid

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There are three histological features that increase the surface area in the small intestine. Which of the following consists of a brush border with enzymes that extends into the lumen of the small intestine?

Circular folds

Microvilli

Villi

Intestinal glands

Microvilli

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The completion of the digestion process involves the collective effort of pancreatic juices, intestinal juices, and bile into the small intestine. Which of the following substances is digested from salivary and pancreatic amylase?

Digestion of Proteins

Digestion of Carbohydrates

Digestion of Lipids

Digestion of Nucleotides

Digestion of Carbohydrates

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The iliocecal valve is correctly described as:

The opening from the ileum to the large intestine

The opening from the pharynx to the esophagus

The opening from duodenum to the ileum

The opening from the stomach to the gall bladder

The opening from the ileum to the large intestine

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The defecation reflex in the large intestine ultimately involves the emptying of the rectum. Arrange the following sequences in order from the stimulus that activates this reflex. I. Sensory nerve impulses to sacral spinal cord; II. Contractions of rectal, diaphragm, and abdominal muscles; III. Distension in rectal wall;IV. Opens anal sphincter; V. Motor responses back to the colon

III, I, V, II, IV

III, I, II, V, IV

II, III, I, V, IV

II, I, III, IV, V

III, I, II, V, IV

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Which of the following ligaments assists in suspending the liver in the abdominal cavity?

Ligamentum teres

Falciform ligament

Hepatic ligament

Hepatobiliary ligament

Falciform ligament

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Which of the following statements is INCORRECT with respect to liver anatomy and physiology?

Both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood enter the hepatic sinusoids

Blood and bile flow in parallel direction

The hepatic vein drains into the inferior vena cava

Kupffer cells are phagocytes within the hepatic sinusoids

Blood and bile flow in parallel direction

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Which of the following is FALSE regarding the ducts of the liver and gall bladder?

Hepatic duct joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct

The right and left hepatic ducts join to form the common hepatic duct

The common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic duct or ampulla

The cystic duct joins the hepatopancreatic duct to form the cystopancreatic duct

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Hepatocytes are responsible for producing bile and excreting it into the small intestine. Arrange the following structure in sequence with respect to the passageway for bile into the small intestine. Start with the Bile canaliculi; I. Common hepatic duct; II. Bile ducts; III. Right and left bile ducts; IV. Common bile duct

I, II, III, IV

II, III, I, IV

II, III, IV, I

II, I, III, IV

II, III, I, IV

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Ingestion of a meal high in fat would result in which one of the following?

The acid secretions from the stomach would be enough to digest this food

Bile would be released by the gall bladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum

This type of food would cause gastric secretion to cease, causing digestive upset

Severe indigestion would occur, mainly because of the significant lack of digestive enzymes

Bile would be released by the gall bladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum

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Which one of the following does NOT serve as a duct through which pancreatic amylase arrives at the small intestine?

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

Accessory pancreatic duct

Cystic duct

Main pancreatic duc

Cystic duct

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What is Dysphagia? Inadequate absorption Loss of the desire to eat Difficulty or inability to swallow Failure of esophageal sphincter relaxation

Difficulty or inability to swallow

What is gastroesophageal reflux? Poor esophageal peristalsis Excessive stomach contraction Enlarged and hyperactive lower esophageal sphincter Reflux of stomach acids contents into the esophagus

Reflux of stomach acids contents into the esophagus

Why is Helicobacter pylorus a common cause of most chronic gastritis? Produces decreased inflammation Produces enzymes that interfere with gastric acidity Colonization can occurring easily since they are very immobile All of the above

produces enzymes that interfere with gastric acidity

Which one of the following statements regarding Peptic Ulcers is CORRECT? Women are most commonly affected than men More commonly found in the duodenum Typically, pain is not relieved by food or antacids Usually results from genetic predisposition and stress

More commonly found in the duodenum

Which one of the following is associated with Crohn's disease? Inflammation of the duodenum Presence of skip lesions with cobblestone appearance Blockage of the blood flow to the distal ileum Inflammatory process tends to be continuous

Presence of skip lesions with cobblestone appearance

What symptom occurs when bilirubin builds up in the blood stream? Jaundice Cirrhosis Crohn's Disease No symptoms

Jaundice

Which Viral Hepatitis strain is contracted primarily through the fecal-oral route (ie. contaminated drinking water)? Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D

Hepatitis A

Which of the following diseases is commonly known as gallstones? Cholangitis Cholecystitis Cholelithiasis Choledocholithiasis

Cholelithiasis

Which of the following membranous linings covers organ structures? Visceral Peritoneum Parietal Peritoneum Serosa layer Both A and C

Both A and C

Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body? Salivary glands Esophagus Tongue Nasal cavity

tongue

The muscle layer found in the Esophagus is divided into thirds based on muscle composition. Which of the following options contains skeletal muscle? Superior and middle thirds of the Esophagus Inferior and middle thirds of the Esophagus Superior third of the Esophagus None. There is no skeletal muscle present

Superior and middle thirds of the Esophagus

hich of the following statements in regards to the anatomy and physiology of the stomach is INCORRECT? Unlike other structures in the GI tract, the stomach consists of 3 layers of smooth muscle There is less peristaltic movement in the fundus in comparison to the pylorus The stomach initiates and completes the digestion of starch There are distinct cells in the stomach responsible for either endocrine and exocrine function

The stomach initiates and completes the digestion of starch

What is the name of the portion of peritoneum resembling a fatty apron draped over the viscera? The mesentery The mesocolon The lesser omentum The greater omentum

The greater omentum

The structure that separates the stomach from the small intestine is called the: Lower esophageal sphincter Pyloric sphincter Anal sphincter Oral sphincter

Pyloric sphincter

What is the process that uses amphipathic bile salts to breakdown large lipid globules into several small lipid globules? Emulsification Enterohypatic circulation Bilirubin formation Lipidolysis

Emulsification

What is the name of the terminal portion of the small intestine? Ileum Duodenum Jejunum Ilium

Ileum

Which of the following organs is not considered to be Retroperitoneal? Pancreas Rectum Spleen Kidneys

Spleen

What is the function of the hepatic portal circulation? To distribute hormones To collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage To return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low To carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary trac

To collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage

Most dietary carbohydrates can be digested and absorbed. Which of the following are considered to be indigestible? Monosaccarides Disaccarides Glucose Cellulose

Cellulose

Which of the following structures is NOT associated in the portal triad? Hepatic artery Bile duct Portal vein Hepatic vein

Hepatic vein

Which of the following statements regarding metabolism is TRUE? It can be defined as all the chemical reactions occurring in the body Catabolism is the process by which simple molecules are built up into larger molecules Anabolism is the conversion of proteins into amino acids Lipids are the only components in the body that are catabolized

It can be defined as all the chemical reactions occurring in the body

Phosphorylation is defined as: The addition of phosphate to a molecule A reduction in a molecule's potential energy The removal of phosphate from a molecule Breaking ATP into ADP + Pi

The addition of phosphate to a molecule

With the exception in the gastrointestinal tract, how does glucose move into most body cells? Via simple diffusion through the plasma membrane Via facilitated diffusion Via the sodium-potassium pump Via active transport

Via facilitated diffusion

Glycolysis occurs in the _____________ while the Krebs cycle occurs in the ____________ Plasma membrane; cytosol Ribosomes; nucleus Cytosol; mitochondria Golgi apparatus; smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Cytosol; mitochondria

Which one of the following metabolic pathways converts Acetyl CoA into CO2, ATP, NADH and FADH2? Glycolysis Krebs cycle Beta oxidation Electron transport chain

Krebs cycle

Which of the following correctly identifies the fate of pyruvic acid? Lactic Acid and Acetyl CoA Oxygen and glucose Lactic Acid and glucose Oxygen and Acetyl CoA

Lactic Acid and Acetyl CoA

Which of the following reactions will occur if the body requires ATP and stored glycogen is readily available? Glycolysis Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis

Glycogenolysis

Which of the following DOES NOT stimulate gluconeogenesis? Cortisol Glucagon Insulin Both A and B

Insulin

Which one of the following lipoproteins prevents accumulation of cholesterol in the blood and is considered to be "good cholesterol"? Chylomicrons HDL LDL VLDL

HDL

Which of the following statements is CORRECT in regards to the glycogen breakdown pathways found in skeletal muscle and the liver? In skeletal muscle, glycogen converts to a product from glycolysis (glucose 6-phophate), which then converts to pyuvic acid. In skeletal muscle, an absent enzyme prevents the conversion of glycogen to glucose. Hepatocytes in the liver are able to convert glycogen into glucose that can be transported. All of the above

All of the above

What is the correct definition of deamination? The process of removing an amino group (NH2) from an amino acid The process of adding an amino group (NH2) from an amino acid The production of toxic ammonia in the kidneys The conversion of amino acids into fatty acids

The process of removing an amino group (NH2) from an amino acid

Which one of the following is a primary function for carbohydrates? Bulk up stool Build body proteins To provide fuel for energy To be stored as fat for warmth

To provide fuel for energy

Which of the following statements is CORRECT with respect to metabolic adaptation in the Post-absorptive state? Glucose is readily available for ATP production The effects of insulin from the pancreas dominates Energy needs must be met by fuels already in the body Typically occurs during with ingested nutrients are entering the blood stream

Energy needs must be met by fuels already in the body

The main metabolic challenge during the postabsorptive state is to maintain normal blood glucose levels. Which of the following systems are constantly in need of glucose for ATP production? Nervous and Endocrine systems Nervous and Cardiovascular systems Nervous and Gastrointestinal systems Nervous system

Nervous and Cardiovascular systems

In a fasted state, which of the following WILL NOT occur? Glycogenolysis increases Gluconeogenesis increases Decrease in glycogen synthesis Decrease in the formation of ketone bodies

Decrease in the formation of ketone bodies

Which of the following terms transfers heat by movement of a gas or liquid? Conduction Convection Radiation Evaporation

Convection

What is meant by the term hypervitaminosis? Inadequate dietary intake of fats and proteins Excessive intake of vitamin B and C only Excessive intake of iron and calcium intake Dietary intake of a vitamin that exceeds the ability of the body to utilize, store, or excrete the vitamin

Dietary intake of a vitamin that exceeds the ability of the body to utilize, store, or excrete the vitamin

Antioxidant vitamins have the ability to inactivate oxygen free radicals and protect the body against some types of cancers. Which vitamins is considered to be an antioxidant? Vitamin D Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin K

Vitamin C

Which vitamin is considered to be a coenzyme necessary for red blood cell production? Vitamin A Vitamin B12 Vitamin C Vitamin K

Vitamin B12

A deficiency or disorder of this vitamin can potentially lead to night blindness or decreased ability for dark adaptation. Vitamin A Vitamin B12 Vitamin D Vitamin K

Vitamin A

Vegetables, wheat, and grains are an example of what type of fiber Saturated fiber Soluble fiber Insoluble fiber Both B and C

Insoluble fiber

Which one of the following nutrients helps to prevent blood clots and thereby reduces the risk of heart disease? Calcium Vitamin E Omega - 3 fat Monounsaturated fat

Omega - 3 fat

Which one of the following servings does Canada's Food Guide suggest for daily fruits and vegetables? 1-2 servings 2-4 servings 7-10 servings 9-15 servings

7-10 servings

Which one of the following processes occurs when sugar or grains are refined? Nutrient content increases Processing reduces the calories Incidence of cancer and diabetes increases Glycemic index decreases decreasing cancer risk

Incidence of cancer and diabetes increases

Which one of the following nutritional changes is recommended to pregnant Canadian women? To reduce alcohol intake to one drink a day during pregnancy To take a folic acid supplement prior to and during pregnancy To reduce water intake as a means of reducing swelling during pregnancy To reduce cigarette smoking during pregnancy and sit at least 3 feet away from some else that is smoking

To take a folic acid supplement prior to and during pregnancy