Gastrointestinal AP mock Flashcards
Which one of the following structures is considered to be an accessory digestive organ?
Stomach
Esophagus
Gall Bladder
Pharynx
C
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange the layers in order from the lumen.
Incorrect Response
Serosa mucosa submucosa muscularis externa
Submucosa serosa muscularis externa mucosa
Muscularis externa serosa mucosa submucosa
Mucosa submucosa muscularis externa serosa
Mucosa submucosa muscularis externa serosa
Which of the following statements is CORRECT in regards to the Lesser Omentum?
Attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm
Suspends the stomach and duodenum to the liver
Descends from the stomach and drapes over the transverse colon and the small intestine
Double layered membranous structure that folds back on itself
Suspends the stomach and duodenum to the liver
Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?
There are 27 permanent teeth
The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary teeth
There are 32 permanent teeth and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge
The number of maxillary permanent teeth is not equal to the number of mandibular permanent teeth
There are 32 permanent teeth and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge
Which one of the following peritoneal folds binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?
Greater omentum
Lesser omentum
Incorrect Response
Falciform ligament
Mesentery
Mesentery
Which of the following describes the location of the parotid salivary gland?
Anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue
The medial aspect of the mandibular body
Superior to the submandidular gland and on either side of the lingual frenulum
Anterior to the ear between the masseter muscle and overlying skin
Anterior to the ear between the masseter muscle and overlying skin
The process of salivation is controlled by the:
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Enteric Nervous System
Both A and B
Both A and B
Active proton pumps and the formation of certain compounds are essential during the chemical digestion process in the stomach. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT in regards to this process?
Parietal cells are responsible for secreting H+ and Cl- separately into the lumen of the stomach
Carbonic anhydrase enzyme catalyzes the formation of HCl in the luman of the stomach
Cl- and K+ can passively diffuse into the lumen of the stomach
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) exchanges for Cl- and enters blood capillaries
Carbonic anhydrase enzyme catalyzes the formation of HCl in the luman of the stomach
Which of the four basic layers is NOT found in the Esophagus?
Mucosa
Serosa
Adventitia
Submucosa
Serosa
Which of the following stimulates the cephalic phase of digestion?
The arrival of food in the stomach
The arrival of food in the small intestine
The smell, sight, and taste of food
The passage of through the large intestine
The smell, sight, and taste of food
Which of the following exocrine gland cells secretes the digestive enzyme pepsinogen?
Goblet cells of the small intestine
Parietal cells of the duodenum
Mucous neck cells of the esophagus
Chief cells of the stomach
Chief cells of the stomach
Chyme is created in which of the following structures?
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Stomach
Which of the following correctly describes peristalsis?
Churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract
Waves of muscular contraction that propel contents from one point to another
The different regions of the small and large intestine
The movements of the tongue that occur during the mastication of food particles
Waves of muscular contraction that propel contents from one point to another
Salivary amylase is an important digestive enzyme in the body. Initially, it is secreted in the oral cavity, but can remain active only under specific conditions. Which of the following statements is CORRECT in regards to salivary amylase?
Salivary amylase can be effective in the fundus if it does not mix with gastric acid
Salivary amylase is only active in the stomach when the bolus converts to chyme
Salivary amylase is responsible for the digestion of triglycerides
Gastric juices can easily activate salivary amylase and inactive lingual lipase
Salivary amylase can be effective in the fundus if it does not mix with gastric acid
There are three histological features that increase the surface area in the small intestine. Which of the following consists of a brush border with enzymes that extends into the lumen of the small intestine?
Circular folds
Microvilli
Villi
Intestinal glands
Microvilli
The completion of the digestion process involves the collective effort of pancreatic juices, intestinal juices, and bile into the small intestine. Which of the following substances is digested from salivary and pancreatic amylase?
Digestion of Proteins
Digestion of Carbohydrates
Digestion of Lipids
Digestion of Nucleotides
Digestion of Carbohydrates
The iliocecal valve is correctly described as:
The opening from the ileum to the large intestine
The opening from the pharynx to the esophagus
The opening from duodenum to the ileum
The opening from the stomach to the gall bladder
The opening from the ileum to the large intestine
The defecation reflex in the large intestine ultimately involves the emptying of the rectum. Arrange the following sequences in order from the stimulus that activates this reflex. I. Sensory nerve impulses to sacral spinal cord; II. Contractions of rectal, diaphragm, and abdominal muscles; III. Distension in rectal wall;IV. Opens anal sphincter; V. Motor responses back to the colon
III, I, V, II, IV
III, I, II, V, IV
II, III, I, V, IV
II, I, III, IV, V
III, I, II, V, IV
Which of the following ligaments assists in suspending the liver in the abdominal cavity?
Ligamentum teres
Falciform ligament
Hepatic ligament
Hepatobiliary ligament
Falciform ligament
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT with respect to liver anatomy and physiology?
Both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood enter the hepatic sinusoids
Blood and bile flow in parallel direction
The hepatic vein drains into the inferior vena cava
Kupffer cells are phagocytes within the hepatic sinusoids
Blood and bile flow in parallel direction
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the ducts of the liver and gall bladder?
Hepatic duct joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct
The right and left hepatic ducts join to form the common hepatic duct
The common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic duct or ampulla
The cystic duct joins the hepatopancreatic duct to form the cystopancreatic duct
The cystic duct joins the hepatopancreatic duct to form the cystopancreatic duct
Hepatocytes are responsible for producing bile and excreting it into the small intestine. Arrange the following structure in sequence with respect to the passageway for bile into the small intestine. Start with the Bile canaliculi; I. Common hepatic duct; II. Bile ducts; III. Right and left bile ducts; IV. Common bile duct
I, II, III, IV
II, III, I, IV
II, III, IV, I
II, I, III, IV
II, III, I, IV
Ingestion of a meal high in fat would result in which one of the following?
The acid secretions from the stomach would be enough to digest this food
Bile would be released by the gall bladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum
This type of food would cause gastric secretion to cease, causing digestive upset
Severe indigestion would occur, mainly because of the significant lack of digestive enzymes
Bile would be released by the gall bladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum
Which one of the following does NOT serve as a duct through which pancreatic amylase arrives at the small intestine?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Accessory pancreatic duct
Cystic duct
Main pancreatic duc
Cystic duct
What is Dysphagia?
Inadequate absorption
Loss of the desire to eat
Difficulty or inability to swallow
Failure of esophageal sphincter relaxation
Difficulty or inability to swallow
What is gastroesophageal reflux?
Poor esophageal peristalsis
Excessive stomach contraction
Enlarged and hyperactive lower esophageal sphincter
Reflux of stomach acids contents into the esophagus
Reflux of stomach acids contents into the esophagus
Why is Helicobacter pylorus a common cause of most chronic gastritis?
Produces decreased inflammation
Produces enzymes that interfere with gastric acidity
Colonization can occurring easily since they are very immobile
All of the above
produces enzymes that interfere with gastric acidity
Which one of the following statements regarding Peptic Ulcers is CORRECT?
Women are most commonly affected than men
More commonly found in the duodenum
Typically, pain is not relieved by food or antacids
Usually results from genetic predisposition and stress
More commonly found in the duodenum
Which one of the following is associated with Crohn’s disease?
Inflammation of the duodenum
Presence of skip lesions with cobblestone appearance
Blockage of the blood flow to the distal ileum
Inflammatory process tends to be continuous
Presence of skip lesions with cobblestone appearance
What symptom occurs when bilirubin builds up in the blood stream?
Jaundice
Cirrhosis
Crohn’s Disease
No symptoms
Jaundice
Which Viral Hepatitis strain is contracted primarily through the fecal-oral route (ie. contaminated drinking water)?
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis A
Which of the following diseases is commonly known as gallstones?
Cholangitis
Cholecystitis
Cholelithiasis
Choledocholithiasis
Cholelithiasis
Which of the following membranous linings covers organ structures?
Visceral Peritoneum
Parietal Peritoneum
Serosa layer
Both A and C
Both A and C
Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body?
Salivary glands
Esophagus
Tongue
Nasal cavity
tongue
The muscle layer found in the Esophagus is divided into thirds based on muscle composition. Which of the following options contains skeletal muscle?
Superior and middle thirds of the Esophagus
Inferior and middle thirds of the Esophagus
Superior third of the Esophagus
None. There is no skeletal muscle present
Superior and middle thirds of the Esophagus
hich of the following statements in regards to the anatomy and physiology of the stomach is INCORRECT?
Unlike other structures in the GI tract, the stomach consists of 3 layers of smooth muscle
There is less peristaltic movement in the fundus in comparison to the pylorus
The stomach initiates and completes the digestion of starch
There are distinct cells in the stomach responsible for either endocrine and exocrine function
The stomach initiates and completes the digestion of starch
What is the name of the portion of peritoneum resembling a fatty apron draped over the viscera?
The mesentery
The mesocolon
The lesser omentum
The greater omentum
The greater omentum
The structure that separates the stomach from the small intestine is called the:
Lower esophageal sphincter
Pyloric sphincter
Anal sphincter
Oral sphincter
Pyloric sphincter
What is the process that uses amphipathic bile salts to breakdown large lipid globules into several small lipid globules?
Emulsification
Enterohypatic circulation
Bilirubin formation
Lipidolysis
Emulsification
What is the name of the terminal portion of the small intestine?
Ileum
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ilium
Ileum
Which of the following organs is not considered to be Retroperitoneal?
Pancreas
Rectum
Spleen
Kidneys
Spleen
What is the function of the hepatic portal circulation?
To distribute hormones
To collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
To return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low
To carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary trac
To collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage
Most dietary carbohydrates can be digested and absorbed. Which of the following are considered to be indigestible?
Monosaccarides
Disaccarides
Glucose
Cellulose
Cellulose
Which of the following structures is NOT associated in the portal triad?
Hepatic artery
Bile duct
Portal vein
Hepatic vein
Hepatic vein
Which of the following statements regarding metabolism is TRUE?
It can be defined as all the chemical reactions occurring in the body
Catabolism is the process by which simple molecules are built up into larger molecules
Anabolism is the conversion of proteins into amino acids
Lipids are the only components in the body that are catabolized
It can be defined as all the chemical reactions occurring in the body
Phosphorylation is defined as:
The addition of phosphate to a molecule
A reduction in a molecule’s potential energy
The removal of phosphate from a molecule
Breaking ATP into ADP + Pi
The addition of phosphate to a molecule
With the exception in the gastrointestinal tract, how does glucose move into most body cells?
Via simple diffusion through the plasma membrane
Via facilitated diffusion
Via the sodium-potassium pump
Via active transport
Via facilitated diffusion
Glycolysis occurs in the _____________ while the Krebs cycle occurs in the ____________
Plasma membrane; cytosol
Ribosomes; nucleus
Cytosol; mitochondria
Golgi apparatus; smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Cytosol; mitochondria
Which one of the following metabolic pathways converts Acetyl CoA into CO2, ATP, NADH and FADH2?
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Beta oxidation
Electron transport chain
Krebs cycle
Which of the following correctly identifies the fate of pyruvic acid?
Lactic Acid and Acetyl CoA
Oxygen and glucose
Lactic Acid and glucose
Oxygen and Acetyl CoA
Lactic Acid and Acetyl CoA
Which of the following reactions will occur if the body requires ATP and stored glycogen is readily available?
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Which of the following DOES NOT stimulate gluconeogenesis?
Cortisol
Glucagon
Insulin
Both A and B
Insulin
Which one of the following lipoproteins prevents accumulation of cholesterol in the blood and is considered to be “good cholesterol”?
Chylomicrons
HDL
LDL
VLDL
HDL
Which of the following statements is CORRECT in regards to the glycogen breakdown pathways found in skeletal muscle and the liver?
In skeletal muscle, glycogen converts to a product from glycolysis (glucose 6-phophate), which then converts to pyuvic acid.
In skeletal muscle, an absent enzyme prevents the conversion of glycogen to glucose.
Hepatocytes in the liver are able to convert glycogen into glucose that can be transported.
All of the above
All of the above
What is the correct definition of deamination?
The process of removing an amino group (NH2) from an amino acid
The process of adding an amino group (NH2) from an amino acid
The production of toxic ammonia in the kidneys
The conversion of amino acids into fatty acids
The process of removing an amino group (NH2) from an amino acid
Which one of the following is a primary function for carbohydrates?
Bulk up stool
Build body proteins
To provide fuel for energy
To be stored as fat for warmth
To provide fuel for energy
Which of the following statements is CORRECT with respect to metabolic adaptation in the Post-absorptive state?
Glucose is readily available for ATP production
The effects of insulin from the pancreas dominates
Energy needs must be met by fuels already in the body
Typically occurs during with ingested nutrients are entering the blood stream
Energy needs must be met by fuels already in the body
The main metabolic challenge during the postabsorptive state is to maintain normal blood glucose levels. Which of the following systems are constantly in need of glucose for ATP production?
Nervous and Endocrine systems
Nervous and Cardiovascular systems
Nervous and Gastrointestinal systems
Nervous system
Nervous and Cardiovascular systems
In a fasted state, which of the following WILL NOT occur?
Glycogenolysis increases
Gluconeogenesis increases
Decrease in glycogen synthesis
Decrease in the formation of ketone bodies
Decrease in the formation of ketone bodies
Which of the following terms transfers heat by movement of a gas or liquid?
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation
Convection
What is meant by the term hypervitaminosis?
Inadequate dietary intake of fats and proteins
Excessive intake of vitamin B and C only
Excessive intake of iron and calcium intake
Dietary intake of a vitamin that exceeds the ability of the body to utilize, store, or excrete the vitamin
Dietary intake of a vitamin that exceeds the ability of the body to utilize, store, or excrete the vitamin
Antioxidant vitamins have the ability to inactivate oxygen free radicals and protect the body against some types of cancers. Which vitamins is considered to be an antioxidant?
Vitamin D
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin K
Vitamin C
Which vitamin is considered to be a coenzyme necessary for red blood cell production?
Vitamin A
Vitamin B12
Vitamin C
Vitamin K
Vitamin B12
A deficiency or disorder of this vitamin can potentially lead to night blindness or decreased ability for dark adaptation.
Vitamin A
Vitamin B12
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Vitamin A
Vegetables, wheat, and grains are an example of what type of fiber
Saturated fiber
Soluble fiber
Insoluble fiber
Both B and C
Insoluble fiber
Which one of the following nutrients helps to prevent blood clots and thereby reduces the risk of heart disease?
Calcium
Vitamin E
Omega - 3 fat
Monounsaturated fat
Omega - 3 fat
Which one of the following servings does Canada’s Food Guide suggest for daily fruits and vegetables?
1-2 servings
2-4 servings
7-10 servings
9-15 servings
7-10 servings
Which one of the following processes occurs when sugar or grains are refined?
Nutrient content increases
Processing reduces the calories
Incidence of cancer and diabetes increases
Glycemic index decreases decreasing cancer risk
Incidence of cancer and diabetes increases
Which one of the following nutritional changes is recommended to pregnant Canadian women?
To reduce alcohol intake to one drink a day during pregnancy
To take a folic acid supplement prior to and during pregnancy
To reduce water intake as a means of reducing swelling during pregnancy
To reduce cigarette smoking during pregnancy and sit at least 3 feet away from some else that is smoking
To take a folic acid supplement prior to and during pregnancy
