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Module 8 > a&p1 review > Flashcards

a&p1 review Flashcards

1
Q

The functional changes associated with disease and aging

A

Pathophysiology

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2
Q

Structures in anatomy that can be examined with a microscope

A

Gross Anatomy

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3
Q

The smallest living unit in the human body

A

a cell

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4
Q

6 basic life processes

A

Metabolism
responsiveness
movement
growth
differentiation
reproduction

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5
Q

A cycle of events that moniter, evaluate and change a condition

A

A feedback system

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6
Q

balance within the bodys internal enviroment

A

Homeostasis

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7
Q

what are the 11 systems of the body

A

integrementary
skeletal
muscular
nervoud
endocrine
lymphatic
digestive
reproductive
cardiovascular
respiratory
urinary

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8
Q

the bonding of ions with opposite charges

A

ionic bond

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9
Q

Structures of an atom

A

Protrons
Neutrons
Electrons

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10
Q

an unstable charged atom that is highly reactive and destructive

A

Free radical

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11
Q

Reactons in the body when 2 or more molecules combine to form new and larger molecules are called

A

Anabolic reactions

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12
Q

PH Scale

A

0-14
Below 7 is acidic
humans blood is 7.35-7.45

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13
Q

what makes organic molecules unique

A

they contain carbon

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14
Q

what property makes water an excellent or “universal” solvant?

A

Its a polar molecule

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15
Q

what is an example of a carbohydrate

A

Glycogen

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16
Q

A protien that has lost its shape and is therefore no longer functional

A

Denatured

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17
Q

Which lipid is used for protection, insulation and energy storage?

A

Triglyceride

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18
Q

Which molecule contains our genetic material?

A

DNA

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19
Q

Which molecule can be split to release our bodies energy?

A

ATP

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20
Q

Which structure is responsible for forming a sugary outer coat on the cell membrane that enables cells to recognize one another?

A

Glycocalax

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21
Q

what are the functions of proteins found in cell membranes?

A

they for m an amphipathic bilayer
they form enzymes and catalyze reactions
they form receptors for binding molecules
* They DO NOT form pores or ion channels

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22
Q

What organelle is considered the Powerhouse of a cell?

A

Mitrochondria

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23
Q

Which organelle is the specific site of translation in the protein synthesis process?

A

Ribosome

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24
Q

what term describes water moving from higher concentration to a lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane?

A

Osmosis

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25
Q

what type of solution will cause lysis of a cell

A

Hypotonic solution

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26
Q

What term describes the requirement of energy to move solutes across the membrane against a concentration gradient?

A

Active transport

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27
Q

What is the function of the Na+/K+ ATPase?

A

To transport 3 Na+ OUT of the cell and 2K+ INTO the cell

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28
Q

Phagocytosis is which type of Transport?

A

Endocytosis

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29
Q

HOw many chromosomes are found in every human SOMATIC cell?

A

46

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30
Q

The process of a genes DNA being used as a template for synthesizing a specific protein

A

Gene expression

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31
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

to direct the synthesis of a protein

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32
Q

DNA to mRNA pairing

A

A=U
T=A
G=C
C=G

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33
Q

What organelle is the site of DNA transcription?

A

Nucleus

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34
Q

What is the function of the process of translation?

A

To produce our bodies proteins

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35
Q

what is the purpose of crossing over during the stage of meiosis 1?

A

To exchange genes between chromatids resulting in genetic variation

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36
Q

during which process does a contractile ring form a cleavage furrow around the center of the cell?

A

Cytokenesis

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37
Q

which phase of interphase is when DNA replicates?

A

S phase

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38
Q

What phase of mitosis do the centrosomes of the chromatid pair line up at the “Equator” of the microtubules

A

Metaphase

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39
Q

4 basic classes of tissue types in the human body

A

Muscular
epithelial
connective
Nervous

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40
Q

which embryonic layer forms adult muscle tissue?

A

Mesoderm

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41
Q

which cell junction allows cellular communication and the movement of electricial impulses between cells?

A

Gap junction

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42
Q

The classification of epithelial tissues where the cell nuclei lie at different levels and all cells do not reach the apical surface but are all resting on the basement membrane

A

Pseudostratified

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43
Q

3 major functions of epithelial tissues

A

1: selective barriers that aid or limit transfers of substances into and out of the body
2: Secretory surfaces that secrete products produced by the cells onto their free surfaces
3: Protective surfaces that resist the abrasive influence of the enviroment

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44
Q

what arrangement of cells is found in areas of absorption or secretion?

A

Simple cuboidial epithelium

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45
Q

what is the function of cilia on epithelial tissue?

A

movement of mucous

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46
Q

where would you find transitional epithelial tissue that allows for necessary stretching while maintaining the structures protective lining?

A

Urinary bladder

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47
Q

which gland has secretions produced by rupture of the plasma membrane?

A

Holocrine

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48
Q

Which tissue classification is considered the most abundant in the body?

A

Connective tissue

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49
Q

what is the function of mast cells in connective tissue?

A

to produce histamine to dilate small blood vessels during inflammation

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50
Q

What are the two major components of the connective tissue extracellular matrix that gives each connective tissue flexability?

A

Ground substance and fibers

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51
Q

What type of fiber is strong, resists pulling forces but are not stiff and allows for flexability?

A

Collagen

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52
Q

what is the function of dense regular connective tissue?

A

TO provide a strong attachment between structures

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53
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
smooth

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54
Q

what type of muscle tissue is made of chondrocytes that are scattered among bundles of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix, lacks a perichondrium and found in the intravetrebral discs?

A

Fibro cartilage

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55
Q

Reticular, areolar and adipose tissues are which type of tissues

A

Loose connective tissue

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56
Q

The growth of new blood vessels

A

Angiogenesis

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57
Q

The branching of arteries to provide a redundant supply of blood to the tissues

A

Anastomosis

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58
Q

What type of capalliary is most abundant and found in the brain, lungs, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and connective tissue

A

continuous

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59
Q

where does gas exchange occur?

A

capillaries

60
Q

A bean shaped structure that contains phagocytes, , macrophages, and numerous afferant vessels

A

Lymph node

61
Q

which lymphatic trunk drains from lower limbs, pelvis, kidneys and abdominal wall?

A

Lumbar

62
Q

What is responsible for carrying oxygen to the tissues?

A

Red blood cells

63
Q

What is the function of platelets ?

A

Prevent blood loss and act in clotting

64
Q

white blood cell that functions to mediate immune responses, including antigen-antibody reactions

A

Lymphocytes

65
Q

Blood pressure in veins is lower than arteries

A
66
Q

which tissue layer stores fat and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin?

A

subcutaneous layer

67
Q

what cell type forms 90% of the epidermal layer of the skin?

A

Keratinocytes

68
Q

which layer of the epidermis sheds daily and forms calluses?

A

Stratum Corneum

69
Q

what are functions of the integumentary system

A

blood reservior
thermoregulation
protect from infection

70
Q

this sweat gland regulates body temperatures and waste removal

A

Eccrine sweat gland

71
Q

positive feedback system

A

out put strengthens or reinforces the change in the body

72
Q

results in the building of new proteins from digested amino acids

A

anabolism

73
Q

which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

A

Ribosome

74
Q

which connective tissue contains tightly packed collagen fibers that accept stress from multiple directions as found in the skin and pericardium?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

75
Q

the bonding of two ions with opposite charges

A

Ionic bond

76
Q

Functions of a nucleus

A

direct cellular function
control cellular structure
produce ribosomes in the nuleoli
*DOES NOT produce energy from ATP

77
Q

cell membrane facts:
polar water molecules eaisly diffuse through the cell membrane
carrier proteins transport polar molecules such as glucose into the cell
phospholipid molecules are hydrophilic at one end and hydrophobic at the other

they are not composed of cholesterol

A
78
Q

Responsible for the seperation of chromatidsto opposite poles of the cell during mitosis

A

mitotic spindle

79
Q

the name given to the molecular transporter that utilizes energy Na+ and K+ molecules

A

Primary active transport

80
Q

which organic compound contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen to form quaternary structures?

A

Proteins

81
Q

Which organic compound contains pentose sugar, a phosphate group and 4 nitrogenous bases?

A

DNA

82
Q

what structure functions as a molecular signature that enables cells to recognize eachother

A

Glycoalyx

83
Q

how many chromosomes are found in every human GAMATE?

A

23

84
Q

the bodies way of maintaining equillibrum

A

homeostasis

85
Q

which gland has its secretions produced within the cell followed by the bursting of the plasma membrane thus releasing its cellular content?

A

Holocrine

86
Q

which tissue types is the only contractile tissue in the body?

A

Muscular

87
Q

what kind of bone is the patella?

A

Sesamoid

88
Q

Synovial joints are considered freely moveable

A
89
Q

a passage through a bone

A

foramen

90
Q

what structure consists of dense regular connective that attaches to the periostium of the articulating bone?

A

outer fibrous membrane

91
Q

the flexability of a bone depends on the presence of what substance?

A

collagen fibers

92
Q

what are the functions of the bone and skeletal system?

A

Protection
support
blood cell production

93
Q

which muscle tissue is found in skin organs and vessels of the body

A

Smooth muscle

94
Q

skeletal muscles do not store or transport substances

A
95
Q

the ability of muscular tissue to return to its origional length and shape after contration

A

Elasticity

96
Q

facts of the structure of skeletal muscles

A

muscle fibre is surrounded by the endomysium
muscle cells and muscle fibers are the same structure
the outtermost layer that surrounds the muscle is the epimusium

97
Q

what structure forms a tendon?

A

extensions of deep fascial connective tissue that surrounds the muscle and fibers

98
Q

thousands of tiny invaginations of the sacrolemma that tunnel in from the surface towards the center of each muscle fiber

A

Transvers tubules

99
Q

what skeletal muscle structure stores calcium ions for muscle contractions?

A

the sarcoplasmic reticulum

100
Q

the funfional unit of the myofibril

A

the sacromere

101
Q

what protein froms the thick filament in a sarcomere?

A

Myosin

102
Q

which protein holds tropomyosin in place over the myosin binding sites?

A

Troponin

103
Q

which structure runs vertivally along the sarcomere

A

M line

104
Q

where does ATP bind to the sarcomere during contractioin?

A

the myosin head

105
Q

are cross bridges formed by the attachement of Titan and Actin?

A

No

106
Q

which event triggers calcium release channels to open during excitation of a muscle fiber allowing calcium to flood around the sarcomere?

A

the propagation of a muscle action potential along the sarcolemma

107
Q

Functions in ATPP muscle contraction

A

controlls the realease of actin and myosin crossbridges
controls calcuim active transport pumps on the sarcoplasmic reticulum
hydrolized to form ADP it energizes the myson head so it binds and rotate

108
Q

Structures that form part of the neuromuscular junction

A

synaptic cleft
motor end plate
synaptic end bulb

109
Q

function of Acetyocholine within the neuromuscular junction

A

bind to receptors that open sodium channels on the motor end plate

110
Q

does the formation of achetocholine produce ATP?

A

no

111
Q

during prolonged activity, which process do muscle cells utilize to make ATP?

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

112
Q

which molecule is found only in muscle tissue and supplies oxygen for ATP production?

A

Myoglobin

113
Q

sustained contractions of a muscle fiber due to rapidly repeating stimulation with no period of relaxation

A

fused tetanus

114
Q

The somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates

A

a motor unit

115
Q

a charasteric of fast-oxidative glycolyic muscle fibers

A

they have moderatly high resistance to fatigue so they function furing moderate activity like walking

116
Q

cardiac and skeletal muscle comparison

A

the muscle fibers are arranged in zones, dark and light bands and z discs in each

117
Q

cylindrical fibers that are branched and attached at the ends via intercalated discs

A

cardiac muscle tissue

118
Q

the function of a pericyte in muscle tissue

A

stem cells found in blood capillaries that can regenerate smooth muscle tissue

119
Q

what embryological layer forms muscle?

A

Mesoderm

120
Q

what event is responsible for sustained tone in smooth muscle?

A

the slow removal of calcium from the cytosol

121
Q

the fatigue in which the person has feelings of tiredness and the desire to stop activity

A

Central fatigue

122
Q

what functional classifaction describes a pivot joint?

A

monoaxial

123
Q

how is a joint classified when it permits movement around 1 axis?

A

monoaxial

124
Q

what movements are permitted in a biaxial joint?

A

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

125
Q

the function of a bursa

A

to form a closed sac that prevents friction between soft tissues that meet between skin and bone or bone and tendon

126
Q

which receptor detects awareness of movement and position of body parts

A

proprioceptor

127
Q

this bone tissue contains osteons or haversian systems

A

Compact boney tissue

128
Q

the region from which bones grow in length

A

epiphyseal plate

129
Q

a sheath of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the shaft and is responsible for lateral growth, protection, repairing fractures and nousirhing the bone tissue

A

Osteocyte

130
Q

what bone cell is found in the endosteum and has deep folds in its membrane to increase the surface area for the production of lysosomal enzymes?

A

osteoclasts

131
Q

intramembranous ossification facts?

A

bones form directly with mesenchyme in sheet like layers
the fetal skyll soft spots harden after birth through this method
it is simpler than endochondral ossification

132
Q

endochondral facts

A

the most common method used for most bones of the body
will not lead to differences in the structure of of mature bones when compared to intramembranous ossification
this takes place in long bones

133
Q

mineral salt that crystalize in bone creating the hardness of bone

A

hydroxyapatite

134
Q

partial break occuring in children due to the flexible nature of the bone

A

Greenstick fracture

135
Q

a fracture that results in bone protruding from the skin

A

compound fracture

136
Q

first stage of bone healing

A

hematoma formation

137
Q

which stage of bone healing sees procallus formation

A

fibrocartilaginous callus formation

138
Q

what direction does new bone from during the remodeling phase?

A

along the line of stress

139
Q

what are factors in the healing of a bone after a fracture?

A

the success of immobilization
the amount of parathyroid hormone at the time of the break
the severity of the original injury and the size of the hematoma

140
Q

what is the function of the process of translation?

A

to convert RNA to DNA

141
Q

does epithelial tissues have the ability to produce electrical signal?

A

no

142
Q

potassium sodium pump

A

3Na+ out 2 K+ in

143
Q

areolar connective tissues contain which fibers?

A

Collagen, elastic & reticular

144
Q

which cell is found in connective tissues and secretes fibers and components of ground substance?

A

fibroblasts

145
Q

what are the 2 basic elements of connective tissues?

A

Exctracellular matrix and cells

146
Q

are the end results in meiosis and mitosis the same or different?

A

Different

Module 8 (8 decks)

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