a&p1 review Flashcards
1
Q
The functional changes associated with disease and aging
A
Pathophysiology
2
Q
Structures in anatomy that can be examined with a microscope
A
Gross Anatomy
3
Q
The smallest living unit in the human body
A
a cell
4
Q
6 basic life processes
A
Metabolism
responsiveness
movement
growth
differentiation
reproduction
5
Q
A cycle of events that moniter, evaluate and change a condition
A
A feedback system
6
Q
balance within the bodys internal enviroment
A
Homeostasis
7
Q
what are the 11 systems of the body
A
integrementary
skeletal
muscular
nervoud
endocrine
lymphatic
digestive
reproductive
cardiovascular
respiratory
urinary
8
Q
the bonding of ions with opposite charges
A
ionic bond
9
Q
Structures of an atom
A
Protrons
Neutrons
Electrons
10
Q
an unstable charged atom that is highly reactive and destructive
A
Free radical
11
Q
Reactons in the body when 2 or more molecules combine to form new and larger molecules are called
A
Anabolic reactions
12
Q
PH Scale
A
0-14
Below 7 is acidic
humans blood is 7.35-7.45
13
Q
what makes organic molecules unique
A
they contain carbon
14
Q
what property makes water an excellent or “universal” solvant?
A
Its a polar molecule
15
Q
what is an example of a carbohydrate
A
Glycogen
16
Q
A protien that has lost its shape and is therefore no longer functional
A
Denatured
17
Q
Which lipid is used for protection, insulation and energy storage?
A
Triglyceride
18
Q
Which molecule contains our genetic material?
A
DNA
19
Q
Which molecule can be split to release our bodies energy?
A
ATP
20
Q
Which structure is responsible for forming a sugary outer coat on the cell membrane that enables cells to recognize one another?
A
Glycocalax
21
Q
what are the functions of proteins found in cell membranes?
A
they for m an amphipathic bilayer
they form enzymes and catalyze reactions
they form receptors for binding molecules
* They DO NOT form pores or ion channels
22
Q
What organelle is considered the Powerhouse of a cell?
A
Mitrochondria
23
Q
Which organelle is the specific site of translation in the protein synthesis process?
A
Ribosome
24
Q
what term describes water moving from higher concentration to a lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane?
A
Osmosis
25
what type of solution will cause lysis of a cell
Hypotonic solution
26
What term describes the requirement of energy to move solutes across the membrane against a concentration gradient?
Active transport
27
What is the function of the Na+/K+ ATPase?
To transport 3 Na+ OUT of the cell and 2K+ INTO the cell
28
Phagocytosis is which type of Transport?
Endocytosis
29
HOw many chromosomes are found in every human SOMATIC cell?
46
30
The process of a genes DNA being used as a template for synthesizing a specific protein
Gene expression
31
What is the function of mRNA?
to direct the synthesis of a protein
32
DNA to mRNA pairing
A=U
T=A
G=C
C=G
33
What organelle is the site of DNA transcription?
Nucleus
34
What is the function of the process of translation?
To produce our bodies proteins
35
what is the purpose of crossing over during the stage of meiosis 1?
To exchange genes between chromatids resulting in genetic variation
36
during which process does a contractile ring form a cleavage furrow around the center of the cell?
Cytokenesis
37
which phase of interphase is when DNA replicates?
S phase
38
What phase of mitosis do the centrosomes of the chromatid pair line up at the "Equator" of the microtubules
Metaphase
39
4 basic classes of tissue types in the human body
Muscular
epithelial
connective
Nervous
40
which embryonic layer forms adult muscle tissue?
Mesoderm
41
which cell junction allows cellular communication and the movement of electricial impulses between cells?
Gap junction
42
The classification of epithelial tissues where the cell nuclei lie at different levels and all cells do not reach the apical surface but are all resting on the basement membrane
Pseudostratified
43
3 major functions of epithelial tissues
1: selective barriers that aid or limit transfers of substances into and out of the body
2: Secretory surfaces that secrete products produced by the cells onto their free surfaces
3: Protective surfaces that resist the abrasive influence of the enviroment
44
what arrangement of cells is found in areas of absorption or secretion?
Simple cuboidial epithelium
45
what is the function of cilia on epithelial tissue?
movement of mucous
46
where would you find transitional epithelial tissue that allows for necessary stretching while maintaining the structures protective lining?
Urinary bladder
47
which gland has secretions produced by rupture of the plasma membrane?
Holocrine
48
Which tissue classification is considered the most abundant in the body?
Connective tissue
49
what is the function of mast cells in connective tissue?
to produce histamine to dilate small blood vessels during inflammation
50
What are the two major components of the connective tissue extracellular matrix that gives each connective tissue flexability?
Ground substance and fibers
51
What type of fiber is strong, resists pulling forces but are not stiff and allows for flexability?
Collagen
52
what is the function of dense regular connective tissue?
TO provide a strong attachment between structures
53
3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
smooth
54
what type of muscle tissue is made of chondrocytes that are scattered among bundles of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix, lacks a perichondrium and found in the intravetrebral discs?
Fibro cartilage
55
Reticular, areolar and adipose tissues are which type of tissues
Loose connective tissue
56
The growth of new blood vessels
Angiogenesis
57
The branching of arteries to provide a redundant supply of blood to the tissues
Anastomosis
58
What type of capalliary is most abundant and found in the brain, lungs, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and connective tissue
continuous
59
where does gas exchange occur?
capillaries
60
A bean shaped structure that contains phagocytes, , macrophages, and numerous afferant vessels
Lymph node
61
which lymphatic trunk drains from lower limbs, pelvis, kidneys and abdominal wall?
Lumbar
62
What is responsible for carrying oxygen to the tissues?
Red blood cells
63
What is the function of platelets ?
Prevent blood loss and act in clotting
64
white blood cell that functions to mediate immune responses, including antigen-antibody reactions
Lymphocytes
65
Blood pressure in veins is lower than arteries
66
which tissue layer stores fat and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin?
subcutaneous layer
67
what cell type forms 90% of the epidermal layer of the skin?
Keratinocytes
68
which layer of the epidermis sheds daily and forms calluses?
Stratum Corneum
69
what are functions of the integumentary system
blood reservior
thermoregulation
protect from infection
70
this sweat gland regulates body temperatures and waste removal
Eccrine sweat gland
71
positive feedback system
out put strengthens or reinforces the change in the body
72
results in the building of new proteins from digested amino acids
anabolism
73
which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
Ribosome
74
which connective tissue contains tightly packed collagen fibers that accept stress from multiple directions as found in the skin and pericardium?
Dense irregular connective tissue
75
the bonding of two ions with opposite charges
Ionic bond
76
Functions of a nucleus
direct cellular function
control cellular structure
produce ribosomes in the nuleoli
*DOES NOT produce energy from ATP
77
cell membrane facts:
polar water molecules eaisly diffuse through the cell membrane
carrier proteins transport polar molecules such as glucose into the cell
phospholipid molecules are hydrophilic at one end and hydrophobic at the other
they are not composed of cholesterol
78
Responsible for the seperation of chromatidsto opposite poles of the cell during mitosis
mitotic spindle
79
the name given to the molecular transporter that utilizes energy Na+ and K+ molecules
Primary active transport
80
which organic compound contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen to form quaternary structures?
Proteins
81
Which organic compound contains pentose sugar, a phosphate group and 4 nitrogenous bases?
DNA
82
what structure functions as a molecular signature that enables cells to recognize eachother
Glycoalyx
83
how many chromosomes are found in every human GAMATE?
23
84
the bodies way of maintaining equillibrum
homeostasis
85
which gland has its secretions produced within the cell followed by the bursting of the plasma membrane thus releasing its cellular content?
Holocrine
86
which tissue types is the only contractile tissue in the body?
Muscular
87
what kind of bone is the patella?
Sesamoid
88
Synovial joints are considered freely moveable
89
a passage through a bone
foramen
90
what structure consists of dense regular connective that attaches to the periostium of the articulating bone?
outer fibrous membrane
91
the flexability of a bone depends on the presence of what substance?
collagen fibers
92
what are the functions of the bone and skeletal system?
Protection
support
blood cell production
93
which muscle tissue is found in skin organs and vessels of the body
Smooth muscle
94
skeletal muscles do not store or transport substances
95
the ability of muscular tissue to return to its origional length and shape after contration
Elasticity
96
facts of the structure of skeletal muscles
muscle fibre is surrounded by the endomysium
muscle cells and muscle fibers are the same structure
the outtermost layer that surrounds the muscle is the epimusium
97
what structure forms a tendon?
extensions of deep fascial connective tissue that surrounds the muscle and fibers
98
thousands of tiny invaginations of the sacrolemma that tunnel in from the surface towards the center of each muscle fiber
Transvers tubules
99
what skeletal muscle structure stores calcium ions for muscle contractions?
the sarcoplasmic reticulum
100
the funfional unit of the myofibril
the sacromere
101
what protein froms the thick filament in a sarcomere?
Myosin
102
which protein holds tropomyosin in place over the myosin binding sites?
Troponin
103
which structure runs vertivally along the sarcomere
M line
104
where does ATP bind to the sarcomere during contractioin?
the myosin head
105
are cross bridges formed by the attachement of Titan and Actin?
No
106
which event triggers calcium release channels to open during excitation of a muscle fiber allowing calcium to flood around the sarcomere?
the propagation of a muscle action potential along the sarcolemma
107
Functions in ATPP muscle contraction
controlls the realease of actin and myosin crossbridges
controls calcuim active transport pumps on the sarcoplasmic reticulum
hydrolized to form ADP it energizes the myson head so it binds and rotate
108
Structures that form part of the neuromuscular junction
synaptic cleft
motor end plate
synaptic end bulb
109
function of Acetyocholine within the neuromuscular junction
bind to receptors that open sodium channels on the motor end plate
110
does the formation of achetocholine produce ATP?
no
111
during prolonged activity, which process do muscle cells utilize to make ATP?
Aerobic cellular respiration
112
which molecule is found only in muscle tissue and supplies oxygen for ATP production?
Myoglobin
113
sustained contractions of a muscle fiber due to rapidly repeating stimulation with no period of relaxation
fused tetanus
114
The somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates
a motor unit
115
a charasteric of fast-oxidative glycolyic muscle fibers
they have moderatly high resistance to fatigue so they function furing moderate activity like walking
116
cardiac and skeletal muscle comparison
the muscle fibers are arranged in zones, dark and light bands and z discs in each
117
cylindrical fibers that are branched and attached at the ends via intercalated discs
cardiac muscle tissue
118
the function of a pericyte in muscle tissue
stem cells found in blood capillaries that can regenerate smooth muscle tissue
119
what embryological layer forms muscle?
Mesoderm
120
what event is responsible for sustained tone in smooth muscle?
the slow removal of calcium from the cytosol
121
the fatigue in which the person has feelings of tiredness and the desire to stop activity
Central fatigue
122
what functional classifaction describes a pivot joint?
monoaxial
123
how is a joint classified when it permits movement around 1 axis?
monoaxial
124
what movements are permitted in a biaxial joint?
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
125
the function of a bursa
to form a closed sac that prevents friction between soft tissues that meet between skin and bone or bone and tendon
126
which receptor detects awareness of movement and position of body parts
proprioceptor
127
this bone tissue contains osteons or haversian systems
Compact boney tissue
128
the region from which bones grow in length
epiphyseal plate
129
a sheath of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the shaft and is responsible for lateral growth, protection, repairing fractures and nousirhing the bone tissue
Osteocyte
130
what bone cell is found in the endosteum and has deep folds in its membrane to increase the surface area for the production of lysosomal enzymes?
osteoclasts
131
intramembranous ossification facts?
bones form directly with mesenchyme in sheet like layers
the fetal skyll soft spots harden after birth through this method
it is simpler than endochondral ossification
132
endochondral facts
the most common method used for most bones of the body
will not lead to differences in the structure of of mature bones when compared to intramembranous ossification
this takes place in long bones
133
mineral salt that crystalize in bone creating the hardness of bone
hydroxyapatite
134
partial break occuring in children due to the flexible nature of the bone
Greenstick fracture
135
a fracture that results in bone protruding from the skin
compound fracture
136
first stage of bone healing
hematoma formation
137
which stage of bone healing sees procallus formation
fibrocartilaginous callus formation
138
what direction does new bone from during the remodeling phase?
along the line of stress
139
what are factors in the healing of a bone after a fracture?
the success of immobilization
the amount of parathyroid hormone at the time of the break
the severity of the original injury and the size of the hematoma
140
what is the function of the process of translation?
to convert RNA to DNA
141
does epithelial tissues have the ability to produce electrical signal?
no
142
potassium sodium pump
3Na+ out 2 K+ in
143
areolar connective tissues contain which fibers?
Collagen, elastic & reticular
144
which cell is found in connective tissues and secretes fibers and components of ground substance?
fibroblasts
145
what are the 2 basic elements of connective tissues?
Exctracellular matrix and cells
146
are the end results in meiosis and mitosis the same or different?
Different
