a&p1 review Flashcards
The functional changes associated with disease and aging
Pathophysiology
Structures in anatomy that can be examined with a microscope
Gross Anatomy
The smallest living unit in the human body
a cell
6 basic life processes
Metabolism
responsiveness
movement
growth
differentiation
reproduction
A cycle of events that moniter, evaluate and change a condition
A feedback system
balance within the bodys internal enviroment
Homeostasis
what are the 11 systems of the body
integrementary
skeletal
muscular
nervoud
endocrine
lymphatic
digestive
reproductive
cardiovascular
respiratory
urinary
the bonding of ions with opposite charges
ionic bond
Structures of an atom
Protrons
Neutrons
Electrons
an unstable charged atom that is highly reactive and destructive
Free radical
Reactons in the body when 2 or more molecules combine to form new and larger molecules are called
Anabolic reactions
PH Scale
0-14
Below 7 is acidic
humans blood is 7.35-7.45
what makes organic molecules unique
they contain carbon
what property makes water an excellent or “universal” solvant?
Its a polar molecule
what is an example of a carbohydrate
Glycogen
A protien that has lost its shape and is therefore no longer functional
Denatured
Which lipid is used for protection, insulation and energy storage?
Triglyceride
Which molecule contains our genetic material?
DNA
Which molecule can be split to release our bodies energy?
ATP
Which structure is responsible for forming a sugary outer coat on the cell membrane that enables cells to recognize one another?
Glycocalax
what are the functions of proteins found in cell membranes?
they for m an amphipathic bilayer
they form enzymes and catalyze reactions
they form receptors for binding molecules
* They DO NOT form pores or ion channels
What organelle is considered the Powerhouse of a cell?
Mitrochondria
Which organelle is the specific site of translation in the protein synthesis process?
Ribosome
what term describes water moving from higher concentration to a lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
what type of solution will cause lysis of a cell
Hypotonic solution
What term describes the requirement of energy to move solutes across the membrane against a concentration gradient?
Active transport
What is the function of the Na+/K+ ATPase?
To transport 3 Na+ OUT of the cell and 2K+ INTO the cell
Phagocytosis is which type of Transport?
Endocytosis
HOw many chromosomes are found in every human SOMATIC cell?
46
The process of a genes DNA being used as a template for synthesizing a specific protein
Gene expression
What is the function of mRNA?
to direct the synthesis of a protein
DNA to mRNA pairing
A=U
T=A
G=C
C=G
What organelle is the site of DNA transcription?
Nucleus
What is the function of the process of translation?
To produce our bodies proteins
what is the purpose of crossing over during the stage of meiosis 1?
To exchange genes between chromatids resulting in genetic variation
during which process does a contractile ring form a cleavage furrow around the center of the cell?
Cytokenesis
which phase of interphase is when DNA replicates?
S phase
What phase of mitosis do the centrosomes of the chromatid pair line up at the “Equator” of the microtubules
Metaphase
4 basic classes of tissue types in the human body
Muscular
epithelial
connective
Nervous
which embryonic layer forms adult muscle tissue?
Mesoderm
which cell junction allows cellular communication and the movement of electricial impulses between cells?
Gap junction
The classification of epithelial tissues where the cell nuclei lie at different levels and all cells do not reach the apical surface but are all resting on the basement membrane
Pseudostratified
3 major functions of epithelial tissues
1: selective barriers that aid or limit transfers of substances into and out of the body
2: Secretory surfaces that secrete products produced by the cells onto their free surfaces
3: Protective surfaces that resist the abrasive influence of the enviroment
what arrangement of cells is found in areas of absorption or secretion?
Simple cuboidial epithelium
what is the function of cilia on epithelial tissue?
movement of mucous
where would you find transitional epithelial tissue that allows for necessary stretching while maintaining the structures protective lining?
Urinary bladder
which gland has secretions produced by rupture of the plasma membrane?
Holocrine
Which tissue classification is considered the most abundant in the body?
Connective tissue
what is the function of mast cells in connective tissue?
to produce histamine to dilate small blood vessels during inflammation
What are the two major components of the connective tissue extracellular matrix that gives each connective tissue flexability?
Ground substance and fibers
What type of fiber is strong, resists pulling forces but are not stiff and allows for flexability?
Collagen
what is the function of dense regular connective tissue?
TO provide a strong attachment between structures
3 types of muscle tissue
Skeletal
Cardiac
smooth
what type of muscle tissue is made of chondrocytes that are scattered among bundles of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix, lacks a perichondrium and found in the intravetrebral discs?
Fibro cartilage
Reticular, areolar and adipose tissues are which type of tissues
Loose connective tissue
The growth of new blood vessels
Angiogenesis
The branching of arteries to provide a redundant supply of blood to the tissues
Anastomosis
What type of capalliary is most abundant and found in the brain, lungs, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and connective tissue
continuous
where does gas exchange occur?
capillaries
A bean shaped structure that contains phagocytes, , macrophages, and numerous afferant vessels
Lymph node
which lymphatic trunk drains from lower limbs, pelvis, kidneys and abdominal wall?
Lumbar
What is responsible for carrying oxygen to the tissues?
Red blood cells
What is the function of platelets ?
Prevent blood loss and act in clotting
white blood cell that functions to mediate immune responses, including antigen-antibody reactions
Lymphocytes
Blood pressure in veins is lower than arteries
which tissue layer stores fat and contains large blood vessels that supply the skin?
subcutaneous layer
what cell type forms 90% of the epidermal layer of the skin?
Keratinocytes
which layer of the epidermis sheds daily and forms calluses?
Stratum Corneum
what are functions of the integumentary system
blood reservior
thermoregulation
protect from infection
this sweat gland regulates body temperatures and waste removal
Eccrine sweat gland
positive feedback system
out put strengthens or reinforces the change in the body
results in the building of new proteins from digested amino acids
anabolism
which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?
Ribosome
which connective tissue contains tightly packed collagen fibers that accept stress from multiple directions as found in the skin and pericardium?
Dense irregular connective tissue
the bonding of two ions with opposite charges
Ionic bond
Functions of a nucleus
direct cellular function
control cellular structure
produce ribosomes in the nuleoli
*DOES NOT produce energy from ATP
cell membrane facts:
polar water molecules eaisly diffuse through the cell membrane
carrier proteins transport polar molecules such as glucose into the cell
phospholipid molecules are hydrophilic at one end and hydrophobic at the other
they are not composed of cholesterol
Responsible for the seperation of chromatidsto opposite poles of the cell during mitosis
mitotic spindle
the name given to the molecular transporter that utilizes energy Na+ and K+ molecules
Primary active transport
which organic compound contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen to form quaternary structures?
Proteins
Which organic compound contains pentose sugar, a phosphate group and 4 nitrogenous bases?
DNA
what structure functions as a molecular signature that enables cells to recognize eachother
Glycoalyx
how many chromosomes are found in every human GAMATE?
23
the bodies way of maintaining equillibrum
homeostasis
which gland has its secretions produced within the cell followed by the bursting of the plasma membrane thus releasing its cellular content?
Holocrine
which tissue types is the only contractile tissue in the body?
Muscular
what kind of bone is the patella?
Sesamoid
Synovial joints are considered freely moveable
a passage through a bone
foramen
what structure consists of dense regular connective that attaches to the periostium of the articulating bone?
outer fibrous membrane
the flexability of a bone depends on the presence of what substance?
collagen fibers
what are the functions of the bone and skeletal system?
Protection
support
blood cell production
which muscle tissue is found in skin organs and vessels of the body
Smooth muscle
skeletal muscles do not store or transport substances
the ability of muscular tissue to return to its origional length and shape after contration
Elasticity
facts of the structure of skeletal muscles
muscle fibre is surrounded by the endomysium
muscle cells and muscle fibers are the same structure
the outtermost layer that surrounds the muscle is the epimusium
what structure forms a tendon?
extensions of deep fascial connective tissue that surrounds the muscle and fibers
thousands of tiny invaginations of the sacrolemma that tunnel in from the surface towards the center of each muscle fiber
Transvers tubules
what skeletal muscle structure stores calcium ions for muscle contractions?
the sarcoplasmic reticulum
the funfional unit of the myofibril
the sacromere
what protein froms the thick filament in a sarcomere?
Myosin
which protein holds tropomyosin in place over the myosin binding sites?
Troponin
which structure runs vertivally along the sarcomere
M line
where does ATP bind to the sarcomere during contractioin?
the myosin head
are cross bridges formed by the attachement of Titan and Actin?
No
which event triggers calcium release channels to open during excitation of a muscle fiber allowing calcium to flood around the sarcomere?
the propagation of a muscle action potential along the sarcolemma
Functions in ATPP muscle contraction
controlls the realease of actin and myosin crossbridges
controls calcuim active transport pumps on the sarcoplasmic reticulum
hydrolized to form ADP it energizes the myson head so it binds and rotate
Structures that form part of the neuromuscular junction
synaptic cleft
motor end plate
synaptic end bulb
function of Acetyocholine within the neuromuscular junction
bind to receptors that open sodium channels on the motor end plate
does the formation of achetocholine produce ATP?
no
during prolonged activity, which process do muscle cells utilize to make ATP?
Aerobic cellular respiration
which molecule is found only in muscle tissue and supplies oxygen for ATP production?
Myoglobin
sustained contractions of a muscle fiber due to rapidly repeating stimulation with no period of relaxation
fused tetanus
The somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates
a motor unit
a charasteric of fast-oxidative glycolyic muscle fibers
they have moderatly high resistance to fatigue so they function furing moderate activity like walking
cardiac and skeletal muscle comparison
the muscle fibers are arranged in zones, dark and light bands and z discs in each
cylindrical fibers that are branched and attached at the ends via intercalated discs
cardiac muscle tissue
the function of a pericyte in muscle tissue
stem cells found in blood capillaries that can regenerate smooth muscle tissue
what embryological layer forms muscle?
Mesoderm
what event is responsible for sustained tone in smooth muscle?
the slow removal of calcium from the cytosol
the fatigue in which the person has feelings of tiredness and the desire to stop activity
Central fatigue
what functional classifaction describes a pivot joint?
monoaxial
how is a joint classified when it permits movement around 1 axis?
monoaxial
what movements are permitted in a biaxial joint?
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
the function of a bursa
to form a closed sac that prevents friction between soft tissues that meet between skin and bone or bone and tendon
which receptor detects awareness of movement and position of body parts
proprioceptor
this bone tissue contains osteons or haversian systems
Compact boney tissue
the region from which bones grow in length
epiphyseal plate
a sheath of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the shaft and is responsible for lateral growth, protection, repairing fractures and nousirhing the bone tissue
Osteocyte
what bone cell is found in the endosteum and has deep folds in its membrane to increase the surface area for the production of lysosomal enzymes?
osteoclasts
intramembranous ossification facts?
bones form directly with mesenchyme in sheet like layers
the fetal skyll soft spots harden after birth through this method
it is simpler than endochondral ossification
endochondral facts
the most common method used for most bones of the body
will not lead to differences in the structure of of mature bones when compared to intramembranous ossification
this takes place in long bones
mineral salt that crystalize in bone creating the hardness of bone
hydroxyapatite
partial break occuring in children due to the flexible nature of the bone
Greenstick fracture
a fracture that results in bone protruding from the skin
compound fracture
first stage of bone healing
hematoma formation
which stage of bone healing sees procallus formation
fibrocartilaginous callus formation
what direction does new bone from during the remodeling phase?
along the line of stress
what are factors in the healing of a bone after a fracture?
the success of immobilization
the amount of parathyroid hormone at the time of the break
the severity of the original injury and the size of the hematoma
what is the function of the process of translation?
to convert RNA to DNA
does epithelial tissues have the ability to produce electrical signal?
no
potassium sodium pump
3Na+ out 2 K+ in
areolar connective tissues contain which fibers?
Collagen, elastic & reticular
which cell is found in connective tissues and secretes fibers and components of ground substance?
fibroblasts
what are the 2 basic elements of connective tissues?
Exctracellular matrix and cells
are the end results in meiosis and mitosis the same or different?
Different
