Endocrine and Reproductive Flashcards by Mic W

Chemical substances that are released in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body. This statement is a definition of:

Enzymes

Hormones

Proteins

Antibodies

Hormones

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Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high concentrations of hormone in the blood causes a phenomenon known as:

Diabetes

Up-regulation

Down-regulation

Cellular inhibition

Down-regulation

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Which one of the following locations contains the receptors for water-soluble hormones?

On the mitochondria

On the chromosomes

On the cell plasma membrane

On the nuclear membrane

On the cell plasma membrane

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Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and eventually transported to the anterior pituitary gland. Which of the following systems is responsible for this transport mechanism from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?

Hypophyseal portal system

Feedback portal system

General circulatory system

Hepatic portal system

Hypophyseal portal system

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Which type of hormone acts on neighbouring cells?

Circulating hormones

Paracrine hormones

Autocrine hormones

Both A and C

Paracrine hormones

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Which of the following statement is correct with respect to the hypothalamus?

The hypothalamus is anatomically and functionally divided into two separate portions

The hypothalamus is located above the thalamus in the hypophyseal fossa

The hypothalamus is responsible for synthesizing at least nine different hormones

The hypothalamus is directly controlled by the pituitary gland

The hypothalamus is responsible for synthesizing at least nine different hormones

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Which one of the following identifies the reason why the posterior pituitary gland is not actually considered an endocrine gland?

It is actually part of the neural system because of its location

Embryonically, it was an endocrine gland, but becomes nonfunctional in adulthood

It is strictly part of the neural system and has nothing to do with hormone release

It is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

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There are several types of cells in the Pituitary Gland that are responsible for secreting hormones. Which Pituitary cell is INCORRECTLY matched with its respective hormone(s)?

Somatotrophs - hGH

Thyrotrophs – T3 and T4

Corticotrophs – ACTH

Gonadotrophs – FSH and LH

Thyrotrophs – T3 and T4

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Both FSH and LH are responsible for regulating activities in males and females. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

FSH stimulates the secretion of both estrogen and progesterone

GnRH from the hypothalamus inhibits the release of FSH

LH stimulates testes to produce testosterone

LH initiates the development of ovarian follicles

LH stimulates testes to produce testosterone

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Which of the following hormones is considered the “female hormone” but is also found in men?

Testosterone

Progesterone

Leutinizing hormone

Estrogen

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Which of the following outcomes does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevent?

Inflammation

Thyroid hormone release

The output of large amounts of urine

Contraction of the uterine smooth muscle

The output of large amounts of urine

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Which of the following hormones directly initiates and maintains milk production by the mammary glands in females?

Prolactin

Oxytocin

Cortisol

Both A and B

Prolactin

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Regarding the functions of the posterior pituitary gland, which of the following statements is TRUE?

ADH regulates the body’s water balance

The posterior pituitary gland can secrete five hormones

Progesterone stimulates milk production and milk ejection

Prolactin is the main hormone synthesized by the posterior pituitary gland

ADH regulates the body’s water balance

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Which one of the following statements is TRUE in regards to oxytocin?

It exerts its most important effects during menstruation

It is released in response to positive-feedback mechanism

It stimulates and controls ovulation

It is released from the ovaries when blood pressure is unstable

It is released in response to positive-feedback mechanism

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The anterior pituitary gland secretes all of the following hormones EXCEPT:

Human growth hormone

Antidiuretic hormone

Follicular Stimulating hormone

Thyroid Stimulating hormone

Antidiuretic hormone

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A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may not be able to father a child. Choose the correct statement that explains this problem.

FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells, therefore it is not synthesized in males

The physician is wrong – a hormone made in the adenohypophysis can not influence fertility

The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes

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If an individual’s blood content becomes increasing hyperglycemic, which of the following outcomes will occur?

Pancreatic beta cells will secrete insulin

Pancreatic alpha cells will secrete glucagon

Pancreatic beta cells will secrete glucagon

Both A and C

Pancreatic beta cells will secrete insulin

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Which of the following processes is controlled by Parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Decreases blood calcium levels in the body

Inhibits calcium reabsorption in the intestine

Stimulates reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys

Inhibits osteoclast activity causing bone deposition of calcium

Stimulates reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys

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The thyroid gland is the only endocrine gland that stores its secretory product in large quantities. The hormones that get synthesized and secreted are T3 and T4. What is the significance of tyrosine during the process of thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion?

Tyrosine is a molecule that are responsible for trapping iodide ions from the blood

Tyrosine is a digestive enzymes that breaks down thyroglobin molecules

Tyrosine is a portion of the thyroglobin molecules that react with iodine molecules (I2)

Tyrosine is a hormone that elevates the secretion of T3 and T4

Tyrosine is a portion of the thyroglobin molecules that react with iodine molecules (I2)

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In regards to the hormone aldosterone, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Its production is greatly influenced by ACTH

It functions to increase sodium reabsorption into the blood

It is secreted by the neurohypophysis

Its presence increases potassium concentrations in the blood

It functions to increase sodium reabsorption into the blood

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Which one of the following conditions will occur after insulin overdose?

Increased urine output

Increased energy

Hypoglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Hypoglycemia

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Which of the following hormones is the active form of Vitamin D?

Calcitriol

Parathyroid hormone

Androgen

Melatonin

Calcitriol

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Lowered blood pressure can cause the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway to stimulate cells of the kidneys. Which of the following statements is CORRECT with respect to synthesis and function of angiotensin II?

Angiotensin II is formed in the liver from Renin

Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

Angiotensin II stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles

Angiotensin II release is caused by increased blood pressure

Angiotensin II stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles

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Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the thyroid gland?

Thyroid hormones, along with insulin and growth hormone, are necessary for the early development and maturation of the musculoskeletal system

Thyroid hormones inhibit the secretion of TSH by negative feedback

When thyroid hormone levels are high, basal metabolic rate is also high

T3 and T4 stimulate the secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary gland

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Glucocorticoids are responsible for regulating metabolism and resistance to stress. Which of the following statements corresponds to these hormones? Decreased rate of protein breakdown Stimulating the synthesis of triglycerides and release of fatty acids Inhibiting white blood cells that participate in inflammatory responses Should not by prescribed for organ transplants since they promote immune responses

Inhibiting white blood cells that participate in inflammatory responses

Which of the following is TRUE about calcium homeostasis? Increased PTH will lead to increased calcium concentrations in the blood Increased calcitonin can promote the formation of calcitriol PTH causes an increase in osteoblast activity High calcium levels in the blood will cause bone resorption

Increased PTH will lead to increased calcium concentrations in the blood

When it becomes necessary to enlist the flight-or-flight, sympathetic response, which of the following hormones is being released during these situations? Melatonin Estrogen Renin Epinephrine

Epinephrine

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to _______________: Oxytocin Epinephrine Cortisol Melatonin

Cortisol

Androgens are found in both males and females and it is secreted from the adrenal cortex. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT with respect to androgen secretion by the adrenal gland? Androgens secreted by males is usually significantly high Androgens promote libido in females Androgens can be converted into estrogen by other body tissues Androgens can stimulate growth of axillary and pubic hair

Androgens secreted by males is usually significantly high

Insulin is a small protein hormone and synthesized by pancreatic cells. This hormone is released under which of the following conditions? In response to physical stress When blood glucose levels rise When blood calcium levels rise When glycogen is converted into glucose

When blood glucose levels rise

Which one of the following hormones increases blood glucose levels? Insulin Glycogen Glucagon Somatostatin

Glucagon

Which of the following is FALSE with respect to the action of thyroid hormones? Regulates body temperature Stimulates protein synthesis Decreases basal metabolic rate Increases the rate of oxygen consumption

Decreases basal metabolic rate

Glucocortocoids allow the body to deal appropriately with stress. They accomplish this by which of the following mechanisms? Stimulating the pancreas to release insulin Incorrect Response Decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure Correct Answer Increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure Blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress responseGlucocortocoids allow the body to deal appropriately with stress. They accomplish this by which of the following mechanisms? Stimulating the pancreas to release insulin Incorrect Response Decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure Correct Answer Increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure Blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress responseGlucocortocoids allow the body to deal appropriately with stress. They accomplish this by which of the following mechanisms? Stimulating the pancreas to release insulin Decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure Increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure Blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response

Increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

Which one of the following hormones regulates Potassium and Sodium concentrations? Cortisol Aldosterone Progesterone Thyroid hormones

Aldosterone

Which of the following would lead to a decrease in blood pressure? Secretion of epinephrine or norepinephrine Secretion of ADH Vasodilation An increase in blood volume

Vasodilation

All of the following mechanisms will cause an increase in blood pressure EXCEPT for: Increased amounts of Antidiuretic hormone Increased amounts of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart and blood vessels Increased amounts of Aldosterone

Increased amounts of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

Compared to the nervous system, responses of the endocrine system: Produces effects which last longer Produces effects that have more targeted, narrower influence on tissues Occur much quicker All of the above

Produces effects which last longer

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is: Any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood can not circulate normally Always fatal Shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea Only caused by large-scale loss of blood

Shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea

Which of the following types of shock is caused by overwhelming infection leading to vasodilation? Obstructive shock Septic shock Hypovolemic shock Cardiogenic shock

Septic shock

Which of the following is NOT considered a sign of shock? Decreased levels of epinephrine Increased cardiac output Decreased urination Anxiety

Decreased levels of epinephrine

What is the correct definition of a Baroreceptor: Monitor movements of joints and muscles to provide input during physical activity Monitor pressure changes and stretch in blood vessel walls Monitor concentration of various chemicals in the blood None of the above

Monitor pressure changes and stretch in blood vessel walls

Which one of the following pancreatic cells releases insulin? F cells Beta cells Delta cells Alpha cells

Beta cells

Which one of the following processes does the hormone epinephrine control in the body? Sympathetic response Stress and Inflammation Alteration of metabolism Regulation of water and sodium

Sympathetic response

Which one of the following statements identifies the function of Calcitonin? It raises blood calcium It lowers blood calcium It is similar to PTH in function It increase glucagon levels

It lowers blood calcium

Which one of the following structures supports the testis in the male reproductive system? Scrotum Epididymis Vas Deferens Seminiferous tubules

Scrotum

Which one of the following muscles of the scrotum is continuous with the internal oblique and attaches to the pubic bone? Raphe muscle Dartos muscle Septial muscle Cremaster muscle

Cremaster muscle

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT with regards to the testes in the male reproductive system? The testes are paired oval glands enclosed within the scrotum The testes initially develop in close proximity to the kidneys in the posterior abdomen The testes consist of two distinct layers: tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea The testes descend around the inguinal canals in order to allow the passage of structures after development

The testes descend around the inguinal canals in order to allow the passage of structures after development

Which of the following muscles will wrinkle the surface of the scrotum upon contraction, reducing the surface area for heat loss? Raphe muscle Dartos muscle Septial muscle Cremaster muscle

Dartos muscle

In which area of the male reproductive system is the site of spermatogenesis? Seminiferious tubules Ductus Deferens Leydig cells Rete testis

Seminiferious tubules

Which of the following male reproductive cells is responsible in undergoing mitotic cellular division? Primary spermatocytes Spermatids Spermatogonia Spermatozoon

Spermatogonia

Which of the following male reproductive cells contains a hapoid (n) number of chromosomes? Spermatozoon Spermatids Spermatogonia Both A and B

both a and b

Which one of the following cells produces testosterone? Sertoli cells Leydig cells Parafollicular cells Islets of Langerhans

Leydig cells

Is it CORRECT to state that LH and FSH can both contribute to sperm formation? Yes, both LH and FSH can contribute to spermatogenesis by stimulating different cells Yes, both LH and FSH can stimulate Sertoli cells directly for spermatogenesis No, only FSH is responsible for stimulating Sertoli cells for spermatogenesis No, only FSH is responsible for stimulating Sertoli cells for testosterone increase

Yes, both LH and FSH can contribute to spermatogenesis by stimulating different cells

The seminal vesicles are responsible for secreting various substances that eventually combines with sperm. Which of the following substances is responsible for stimulating uterine contractions in the female reproductive system? Alkaline Fructose Prostaglandins Seminal Plasma

Prostaglandins

Which one of the following structures does the ejaculatory duct drain into? The Ureters The Urethra The Urinary bladder The Corpus spongiosum

The Urethra

Which of the following ligaments anchors the ovaries to the uterus? Broad ligament Suspensory ligament Ovarian ligament Round ligament

Ovarian ligament

Which of the following female reproductive structures transports the secondary oocytes and the fertilized ova to the uterus? Ovaries Fallopian tubes Cervix Both A and B

Fallopian tubes

The fallopian tubes in the female reproductive system consist of three distinct regions. In which region is fertilization most likely to occur? Infundibulum Ampulla Isthmus All of the above

Ampulla

Which of the following structures of the external female genitalia consists of erectile tissue and numerous blood vessels? Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Clitoris

Clitoris

Which of the following female reproductive cells contains a diploid (2n) number of chromosomes? Primary oocyte Polar body Secondary oocyte Ovum

Primary oocyte

Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY lists the average menstrual cycle and ovulation? Menstruation is 24 days long with ovulation occurring on day 14 Menstruation is 28 days long with ovulation occurring on day 16 Menstruation is 28 days long with ovulation occurring on day 14 Menstruation is 35 days long with ovulation occurring on day 17

Menstruation is 28 days long with ovulation occurring on day 14

Which one of the following hormones is responsible for causing ovulation? LH FSH hCG Estrogen

Which one of the following hormones stimulates the breasts to undergo milk ejaculation? Estrogen Prolactin Oxytocin Progesterone

Oxytocin

Which one of the following hormonal triggers starts menstruation? The corpus luteum secretes estrogen Blood levels of FSH decrease rapidly Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase rapidly Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease rapidly

Blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease rapidly

Which one of the following structures forms in the ovary after ovulation at the site of the ruptured follicle? Corpus luteum Corona radiata Granulosa luteum Granulosum theca

Corpus luteum

Which one of the following groups of organs is the uterus between? The kidneys and the ureters The rectum and the prostate gland The urinary bladder and the rectum The urinary bladder and the pubic symphysis

The urinary bladder and the rectum

In which one of the following tissues does a fertilized ovum implant? Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium Endometriosis

Endometrium

In the first week of development, a blastocyst is formed through the development of a morula. Which of the following IS NOT a distinct cell population at this stage of development? Embryoblast Trophoblast Endoblast All of the above

Endoblast

In the first week of development, fertilization occurs approximately 7 hours after ejaculation. During this time, a process referred to as capacitation occurs. Which of the following events occurs during capacitation? The process involved for the sperm to enter the cervical canal Functional changes causes the sperm tail to move rapidly in order to fuse with the oocyte Increased uterine contraction stimulated by prostagladins Both A and C

Functional changes causes the sperm tail to move rapidly in order to fuse with the oocyte

the first week of development, which of the following events occur in the implantation stage of embryonic development? As the blastocyst implants to the uterus, the inner cell mass migrates towards the endometrium As the blastocyst implants to the uterus, the endometrium becomes less vascularized As the blastocyst implants to the uterus, endometrial glands decrease in size Implantation only occurs in the second week of development

As the blastocyst implants to the uterus, the inner cell mass migrates towards the endometrium

During the 2nd week of development, the formation of the chorion is an important stage towards fetal growth. Which of the following statements DOES NOT apply to the chorion? Responsible in becoming the embryonic portion of the placenta Protects the embryo from immune responses of the mother Responsible for elongating the embryo and forming the primitative streak Produces Human Chorionic Gonadotropin hormone

Responsible for elongating the embryo and forming the primitative streak

During the development of the intraembryonic coleom, the cells differentiate into the Somatic and Splanchnic mesoderm. Which of the following structures arises from somatic mesoderm? bone Smooth muscle Blood vessels Heart

Bone

The connection between the embryo and placenta is possible due to the presence of an umbilical cord. Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated fetal blood to the placenta? Maternal arteries Maternal veines Umbilical arteries Umbilical veins

Umbilical arteries

What influences C-shape folding in a developing embryo? Growth and development of body structures occurring at different rates Growth and development of body structures occurring at equal rates Not affected by growth and development of body structures The initial formation of the embryonic umbilical cord

Growth and development of body structures occurring at different rates

The presence of this hormone in maternal urine or blood is an indicator of pregnancy: CRL hCG hCS Progesterone

hCG

Which one of the following sets of events is the CORRECT trigger for labor and delivery and allows its progression? Increase in oxytocin and an increase in estrogen Increase in oxytocin and a decreased in relaxin Steep decrease in estrogen and progesterone in the last 3 months An increase of estrogen but significantly less than progesterone

Increase in oxytocin and an increase in estrogen

Which of the following male congential and acquired disorders corresponds to this statement: A condition where the opening of the urethra is located on the dorsal surface of the penis? Hypospadias Epispadias Phimosis Paraphimosis

Epispadias

Which one of the following processes is the cause of testicular torsion? The formation of excess fluid between the layers of tunica vaginalis Twisting of the testis around the epididymis during fetal development Twisting of the spermatic cord that suspends the testis and spermatic vessels A sperm containing cyst that causes swelling of the testis and compression of the vessels

Twisting of the spermatic cord that suspends the testis and spermatic vessels

Which one of the following terms describes inflammation of the testis? Orchitis Spermatitis Testicularitis Epididymitis

Orchitis

Which one of the following statements regarding Epididymitis is FALSE? Symptoms include swelling, fever and dysuria The condition can be caused by riding a bicycle or motorcycle There is a normal cremaster reflex despite the presence of the condition The etiology of this condition is a chronically elevated testosterone and estrogen levels

The etiology of this condition is a chronically elevated testosterone and estrogen levels

What is the prognosis for males with early diagnosis of testicular cancer? 10 % cure rate and poor prognosis 40 % cure rate and poor prognosis 60 % cure rate and good prognosis 90 % cure rate and excellent prognosis

90 % cure rate and excellent prognosis

Which one of the following statements regarding prostate cancer is TRUE? The incidence of prostate cancer decreases with age Prostate cancer has a very low incidence in the population Diets high in fat and altered sex hormone production can increase the risk of prostate cancer In the early stage of the disease there are numerous symptoms including fever, abdominal pain, swelling and dysuria

Diets high in fat and altered sex hormone production can increase the risk of prostate cancer

Which one of the following yearly screening test is critical in early diagnosis of prostate cancer? A PAP test Ultrasonography A prostate biopsy The PSA blood test

The PSA blood test

Which one of the following STD's is the etiology of cervical cancer? HPV Syphilis Gonorrhea Genital Herpes

HPV

Which one of the following describes Endometriosis? Uterine Cancer Inflammation of the endometrium Formation of fibroids in the endometrium Endometrial tissue found in the pelvic cavity

Endometrial tissue found in the pelvic cavity

Which one of the following conditions is described as inflammation of the uterus and fallopian tubes? Endometritis Endometriosis Endometrial cancer Pelvic inflammatory disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Which one of the following statements is the reason for an Ectopic pregnancy being a leading cause of maternal death? It develops into endometrial cancer The infective nature of the condition Fallopian tubes rupture causing intra-abdominal hemorrhage The location of the pregnancy sets up an immune reaction causing anaphylaxis

Fallopian tubes rupture causing intra-abdominal hemorrhage

Which one of the following terms corresponds to excessive menstruations? Menorrhagia Amenorrhea Metrorrhagia Polymenorrhea

Menorrhagia

Which one of the following statements defines dysmenorrhea? Excessive menstruation Absence of menstruation Bleeding between periods Pain or discomfort with menstruation

Pain or discomfort with menstruation

Which one of the following conditions is indicated by symptoms of: swollen breasts, bloating, abdominal pain, headache, depression, irritability, anxiety and clumsiness? Mastitis Dysmenorrhea Uterine Cancer Premenstrual Syndrome

Premenstrual Syndrome

Which one of the following conditions is defined as inflammation of the breast? Ductitis Mastitis Breast cancer None of the above

Mastitis

Which one of the following statements regarding infertility is TRUE? A couples infertility is primarily the result of low sperm motility in the male A couples infertility is primarily the result of blocked fallopian tubes in the female A couples infertility is equally divided into 30% male factors, 30% female factors, and 30% combined factors A couples infertility is primarily the result of poor environmental conditions, chemicals and carcinogens in our food and water sources

A couples infertility is equally divided into 30% male factors, 30% female factors, and 30% combined factors

Which one of the following factors predisposes women to the formation of pelvic inflammatory disease? Women age 50 and older Women that have had multiple births Women with multiple sexual partners Women that have been married 10 years

Women with multiple sexual partners

Which one of the following symptoms is the primary manifestation of Ovarian Cancer? Dysmenorrhea Positive PAP smear Lower quadrant pain Gastrointestinal discomfort and bloating following eating

Gastrointestinal discomfort and bloating following eating

Which one of the following terms describes a normal menstrual cycles and flow? Menorrhea Amenorrhea Metrorrhagia Hypomenorrhea

Menorrhea

Which one of the following manifestations is NOT associated with Amenorrhea? Infection Anorexia nervosa Strenuous physical exercise Heavy periods in pre-menopausal women

Heavy periods in pre-menopausal women

Which one of the following statements regarding Fibrocystic Disease is FALSE? It is the most frequent lesion of the breast Women age 30 – 50 years of age are affected It is a precancerous lesion and needs radiation therapy It is asymptomatic and can be found with regular self examinations

It is a precancerous lesion and needs radiation therapy