Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2nd Year Medicine > renal anatomy > Flashcards

renal anatomy Flashcards

1
Q
A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where do ureters travel?

A

pass from retroperitoneum through false pelvis into true pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what seperates false pelvis from true pelvis?

A

pelvic inlet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pelvic floor?

A

levator ani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

perineum?

A

compartment between pelvic floor and skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

route of ureters?

A

* pass anterior to the common iliac vessels + enter pelvis

* run anteriorly (along the lateral walls of the pelvis)

* At level of ischial spine, turn medially to enter posterior aspect of bladder

* enter posterior bladder wall in an inferomedial direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

are ureters retroperitoneal?

A

Yes until they reach the true pelvis - sub-peritoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where can ureter be found in females?

Males?

A

* Females = runs inferiorly to uterine tubes + uterine artery (water under the bridge)

* males = runs inferiorly to vas deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where do arteries entering the pelvis branch from?

Veins drain?

A

Internal iliac artery

internal iliac vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what forms the “trigone” of the bladder

A

the 2 ureteric orifices and internal urethral orifice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what rests on top of the bladder?

making it…?

A

visceral peritoneum

* a subperitoneal organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which muscle forms main bulk of the bladder wall?

function? (2)

A

detrusor muscle

* encircles ureteric orifices to prevent reflux or urine when bladder contracts

* in males, forms internal urethral sphincter which contracts during ejaculation to prevent reflux of semen into bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which sphincter is found in males but not females?

A

internal urethral sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the most anterior organ in the pelvis?

A

bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the most dependent part of pelvic cavity?

A

pouch of douglas (rectouterine) in female

rectovesical pouch in male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

2 routes of catheterising patient’s bladder? (2)

A

* urethral

* suprapubic (bladder has to be full otherwise will pierce peritoneum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

route of sperm?

A

* produced in seminiferous tubules

* stored in epididymis

* travels to vas deferens

* combines with seminal gland behind bladder to form ejaculatory duct

* prostatic urethra passes through prostate

* spongy urethra passes thru corpus spongiosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

spermatic cord?

A

contains testicular artery, testicular vein, vas deferens, lymphatics, nerves (smooth muscle + somatic for cremaster muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

excess fluid in tunica vaginalis?

A

hydrocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

venous drainage of testis?

A

pampiniform venous plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how do testicular artery/vein, vas deferens, lymphatics and nerves pass into and out of inguinal canal?

A

deep inguinal ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q
A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

prostatic ducts?

A

holes in prostatic urethra - allow secretion into proaststic urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q
A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

inferior aspect of prostate in contact with?

A

levator ani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

which part of prostate is palpates in rectal exam?

A

peripheral zone - where most prostate cancers arise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

3 cylinders of erectile tissue?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q
A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

blood supply to penis and scrotum?

A

penis = deep arteries of the penis from internal pudendal artery from internal iliac

scrotum = dual blood supply from internal and external iliac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

lymph drainage from penis and scrotum?

A

* drains to superficial inguinal lymph nodes

* lymph from testes = lumbar nodes (due to descent of testis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

urinary tract (renal system)?

A

* Kidney: produces urine

* ureter: drains urine

* bladder: stores/voids urine

* urethra: excretion of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

upper urinary tract?

Lower urinary tract?

A

Upper: kidneys + ureters

lower: bladder + urethra

so like upper and lower UTI affects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

where is the urinary tract?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what type of organs are the kidneys?

A

retroperintoneal (anterior surface in contact with visceral peritoneum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q
A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what does renal hilum contain?

in what order?

A

renal artery, renal vein and ureter

* vein is most anterior

* then artery

* ureter is most posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what fat immediately surrounds kidney?

why does kidney pathology result in pain?

A

perinephric fat

* renal capsule is very tight and doesn’t permit expansion of kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q
A

patient’s left = aorta (see renal artery coming out)

Right = IVC (see renal vein)

IVC much more anterior to aorta!! - dont get mixed up with little bit next to aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

where are kidneys situated?

Which level?

A

lie anterior to audratus lumborum

and lateral to psoas major

* right = L1-L3 (cause of liver)

* left = T12 - L2

45
Q

what are posteriorly related to the kidneys?

A

floating ribs 11 + 12

46
Q

Which quadrants are kidneys found?

A

In upper quadrants + lumbar regions (flank)

47
Q

what is right kidney posterior to?

left kidney?

A

right kidney posterior to:

* liver

* 2nd part of duodenum

* ascending colon

* right colic flexure

Left kidney

* stomach

* tail of pancreas

* hilum of spleen

48
Q

what is the most dependent part of the greater sac of the peritoneal cavity in the supine patient?

A

hepatorenal recess

49
Q

renal arterial supply?

Ureters?

A

renal arteries

Uteric supply from

* renal artery

* abdominal aorta

* common iliac

* internal iliac

* vesical artery

50
Q

anatomical relation of renal arteries and veins?

A

renal veins are anterior to renal arteries

* however, common iliac arteries are anterior to common iliac veins!

51
Q

lymph drainage of kidneys?

ureters?

A

kidneys = lumbar nodes

ureters = lumbar + iliac nodes

52
Q

where does AA bifurcate?

A

at level of umbilicus

53
Q

where does renal artery come from?

Renal vein?

A

artery from abdominal aorta

Vein from IVC

54
Q
A

…

55
Q

when associated with AAA, renal artery stenosis may be?

A

* combined with infra-renal AAA = both caused by atherosclerosis

* due to suprarenal AAA

56
Q

anatomical variation in renal system?

A
57
Q
A

solitary kindey

* agenesis

* nephrectomy (pathology/donation)

58
Q

explain structure of kidney

A

consists of outer cortex and inner medulla

* medulla contains pyramids

* each pyramid contains 50,000 nephrons

* nephrons give pyramids their striped appearance

59
Q
A

…

60
Q

anatomical sites of uteric constriction?

A
61
Q

renal calculi?

A

form from urine calcium salts + obstruct urinary tract

62
Q
A

renal calculi causing obstruction

63
Q

s/s of ureter obstruction?

A

colicky pain

* ureter has smooth musle in walls so when obstruction, there is increased peristalsis

64
Q

consequences of urinary tract obstruction?

A

* urine “back up” -> renal failure

* renal failure = unable to filter blood to produce urine

65
Q

hydronephrosis?

S/s?

A

“water inside kidney”

* urine back pressure into the calyces = renal failure

acute hydronephrosis causes painful stretching of renal capsule

66
Q
A

hydronephrosis of right kidney

67
Q
A

…

68
Q
A

…

69
Q
A

…

70
Q
A

…

71
Q
A

…

72
Q
A

…

73
Q
A

…

74
Q
A

…

75
Q
A

…

76
Q
A

…

77
Q
A

…

78
Q
A

…

79
Q
A

…

80
Q
A

…

81
Q
A

Juxta = has much longer loop of henle

Cortical = have peritubular capillaries (juxtamedullary have vasa recta, single capillary), follows loop of henle

Juxta = able to produce much more concentrated urine

82
Q
A

…

83
Q
A

Macula densa is salt-sensitive (monitor level of salt in tubular fluid)

84
Q
A

Net negative charge – plasma proteins should be contained within the capillary (none should enter lumen of bowman’s capsule)

85
Q
A

…

86
Q
A

…

87
Q
A

…

88
Q
A

…

89
Q
A

urine miscroscopy showing dysmorphic red blood cells (indicates came from glomerulus)

90
Q
A

Red cell casts! - red cells held together by tubular protein

PATHOGNOMONIC OF GLOMERULAR BLEEDING

91
Q
A

Minimal change nephropathy

* podocytes are all fused together. Foot process fusion—fingers have retraced

92
Q
A

focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

glomerulus on the right is affected

93
Q
A

membranous nephropathy

* thickened basement membrane

94
Q
A

IgA nephropathy

* mesangial cell proliferation and expansion

95
Q
A

crescent formation in RPGN

96
Q
A

…

97
Q
A

non-blanching

98
Q
A

Goodpasture’s syndrome (pulmonary-renal syndrome)

Anti-GBM disease

99
Q
A

KUB showing gas in kidney = emphysematous pyelonephritis

100
Q
A

Emphysematous pyelonephritis

101
Q
A

perinephric abscess

102
Q
A

Haematoma – lower pole of kidney has been torn off upper pole

103
Q
A

Butterfly haematoma from urethral injury

104
Q
A

urethral injury

105
Q
A

…

106
Q
A

crescent = RPGN (poor prognosis)

107
Q
A

granulomas = GPA or sarcoid

108
Q
A

FSGS

(pink bit is sclerosis)

2nd Year Medicine (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions