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2nd Year Medicine > Endocrine Anatomy > Flashcards

Endocrine Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Diencephalon? What does it form?

A

Thalamus + hypothalamus

* Diencephalon forms central core of cerebrum + connects to midbrain + right and left cerebral hemispheres

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2
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A

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3
Q

What is the brainstem made up of?

A

Midbrain, pons + medulla

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4
Q

What is hypothalamus connected to? How?

A

Pituitary gland - by infundibulum or “pituitary stalk”

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5
Q

Pituitary gland divided into?

A

Anterior and posterior pituitary

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6
Q

Embryology of pituitary gland?

A

* Posterior lobe formed from infundibulum (diverticulum of dencephaluc floor)

* Anterior lobe formed from Rathke’s pouch (diverticulum of stomodeal roof)

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7
Q

Anterior lobe of pituitary gland also known as?

What is it made up of?

Function?

A

Adenohypophysis

* Pars distalis, pars tuberalis, pars intermedia

* Responsible for synthesis and release of most pituitary hormones: GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL

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8
Q

Posterior lobe also known as?

Made up of?

Function?

A

Neurohypophysis

* Pars nervosa

* Actually an extension of the brain!! - releases ADH and OT (synthesised in the HYPOTHALAMUS)

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9
Q

Pituitary gland located?

A

In pituitary fossa of sphenoid bone - pituitary fossa found within sella turcica (Turkish saddle)

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10
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A

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11
Q

Optic chiasm formed from?

Explain pathway

A

Right and left optic nerves (CN II)

* nerves pass posteriorly from chiasm

* Synapse in thalamus where axons pass the optic radiation to visual cortext in the occipital lobe!

(pic: note how nasal retinae cross over but temporal do not)

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12
Q

Explain the effect of a pituitary tumour on the visual pathway

What is this condition called?

A
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13
Q

Surgical access to pituitary fossa? (2)

A

Transcranial approach = subfrontal (under frontal lobe)

Transsphenoidal approach = via nasal cavities and sphenoid sinus

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14
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15
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16
Q

Paranasal sinuses?

Examples? (4)

What are they lined by?

A

Air-filled spaces surrounding nasal cavities

* Frontal bone = frontal sinuses

* Maxillae = maxillary sinuses

* Ethmoid bone = ethmoidal air cells

* Sphenoid bone = sphenoid sinuses

Lined by mucous-secreting respiratory mucosa

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17
Q

Function of paranasal sinuses? (3)

A

* Make mucus and drain it into nasal cavities through ostia (drainage hole)

* Reduce weight of the skull

* Add resonance to the voice

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18
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A

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19
Q

What does transphenoidal transnasal approach require?

What about in more complicated cases?

A

Surgical fracture of nasal septum and the roof + septum of sphenoid sinuses

* Complicated = le Fort I down-fracture

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20
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21
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22
Q

What internally lines the entire cranial cavity?

What about pituitary?

A

Dura matter

* Diaphragm sellae - tough sheet of dura matter forming a roof over pituitary fossa

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23
Q

Tentorium cerebelli?

A

Tough sheet of dura matter “tenting” over cerebellum within posterior cranial fossa (has central gap to allow brainstem to pass thru)

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24
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25
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26
Q

What are dural venous sinuses?

Where exactly do they drain?

A

Venous channels witin dura matter that drain venous blood from the cranial cavity (including the brain) into the internal jugular veins

* drain into internal jugular veins at jugular foraminae in posterior cranial fossa

27
Q

What is pituitary gland surrounded by?

Function of anterior intercavernous sinus?

What pass through the cavernos sinuses?

A

Pituitary gland surrounded by cavernous and intercavernous sinuses

* Anterior intercavernus sinus = connects right and left cavernous sinuses anterior to pituitary gland

* Internal carotid arteries pass thru cavernous sinuses

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31
Q

Structures at risk in pituitary gland surgery?

Function?

What happens if damaged?

A
32
Q

What is the narrow connecting band between right and left lobes of the thyroid gland?

Where is it located?

A

Isthmus

* Anterior to 2nd + 3rd tracheal rings

33
Q

What are the lobes of the thyroid attached to?

What is enlarged thyroid gland called?

Why does thyroid move superiorly when swallowing?

A

Attached to thyroid and cricoid cartilages+ trachea

* Enlarged gland = goitre

* Moves superiorly then inferiorly when swallowing due to relationship with larynx + trachea

34
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

Where are they located?

A

4

* posterior surfaces of thyroid gland

35
Q

Pyramidal love of thyroid gland?

A

40% prevalance - originates from left lateral lobe and attaches superiorly to thyroid cartilage (may extend as far superiorly as hyoid bone)

36
Q
A

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37
Q

Platysma muscles located?

WHich muscle group do they belong to?

Nerve supply?

A

Superficial fascia of neck

* Belong to muscles of facial expression

* Nerve supply is cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)

38
Q
A

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39
Q

External jugular vein found within?

Drains into?

Anterior jugular vein found within?

Drains into?

A

External

* Superficial fascia

* Drains into subclavian vein

Anterior

* Superficial fascia

* Drain into external jugular vein

40
Q

Sternocleidomastoid found in which fascia?

2 heads + attachments?

A

Sternocleidomastoid found in investing fascia

* Sternal head = attaches to manubrium of sternum

* Clavicular head = attaches to medial end of clavicle

both heads attach superiorly to mastoid process of temporal bone!!

41
Q

Whch muscles does spinal accessory nerve supply?

A

Sternocleidomastoid + trapezius

42
Q

Where are carotid sheaths located?

Where do they attach? (2)

What structures are found within carotid sheath? (4)

A

Located deep to investing fascia and anterolaterally in the neck (either side of thyroid gland)

* Attach superiorly to base of skull

* Blend inferiorly with mediastinal fascia

Each carotid sheath contains:

* Internal jugular vein

* Common then internal carotid arteries

* Vagus nerve

* Deep cervical lymph nodes

43
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A

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44
Q

Blood supply to thyroid gland?

Branch from?

Uncommon variant?

A

Superior + inferior thyroid artery

* Superior = internal carotid artery

* Inferior = subclavian artery

Uncommon variant = thyroid ima artery (branches from brachiocephalic trunk)

45
Q
A

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46
Q

Venous drainage of thyroid gland?

What do they drain into?

A

Superior thyroid vein, middle thyroid vein + inferior thyroid vein

* Drain into (thus branch from) internal jugular veins which drain into brachiocephalic veins, which drain into SVC

47
Q
A

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48
Q

Lymphatic drainage of thyroid gland?

A

Superior + inferior deep cervical lymph nodes

* Right = drains into right lymphatic duct to right venous angle

* Left = drains into thoracic duct to left venous angle

49
Q

Tracheal lymph nodes?

A

Pretracheal + paratracheal nodes

50
Q

Vagus nerve route from brain?

A

* Branch from medulla oblangata

* Exit skull via jugular foramen

* Descend thru carotid sheath

* Descend in chest - right nerve lateral to trachea, left nerve left side of aortic arch

* Both pass thru diagphragm with the oesophagus

* Divide into terminal branches on surface of the stomach to supply the abdominal organs

51
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve pathways?

A

* Right = recurs under subclavian artery

* left = recurs under arch of aorta

52
Q

Anatomical releations of thyroid? (4)

A

Located in pretracheal fascia

* Trachea

* Oesophagus (larynx)

* Strap muscles

* Recurrent laryngeal nerves

53
Q
A

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54
Q

Strap muscles? (4)

A

* Sternohyoid

* Thyrohyoid

* Sternothyroid

* Omohyoid (omo=shoulder)

55
Q

Surgical approaches to thyroid gland? (4)

A

* Classical thyrodectomy

* Endoscopically assisted thyroidectomy

* Endoscopic trans-axillary approach

* Endoscopic trans-breast approach

56
Q
A

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57
Q

Where is incision made in classic thyroidectomy? (2)

Which tissues are cut through?

A

“Collar” incision = made within natural skin crease or in direction of Langer’s lines

* Just superior to clavicles + jugular notch

Skin + platysma

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61
Q

Function of right recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

provides somatic motor supply to most of the skeletal muscles that move the right vocal cord

(the intrinsic muscles of the larynx)

62
Q

What can injury to recurrent nerves during thyroidectomy result in? (2)

A

* Unilateral = “hoarseness” or weakness of voice + weak cough

* Bilteral = aphonia (inability to produce sound), inability to close rima glottidis (difficult to prevent aspiration or produce good cough)

63
Q
A

back of the eye (retina)

64
Q
A

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2nd Year Medicine (24 decks)

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