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MET 2 > Renal anatomy > Flashcards

Renal anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

When are kidneys palpable

A
  • Kidneys are enlarged

- Low body fat

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2
Q

Where would you examine patient for kidney tenderness

A

Renal angle

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3
Q

Where is the renal angle

A

Junction of 12th rib and lateral border of erector spiane

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4
Q

What are the anterior relations to the right kidney

A

Liver

Part of duodenum

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5
Q

What are the anterior relations to the left kidney

A

Pancreas

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6
Q

What is the important space behind the right kidney

A

Hepatorenal space/ pouch of Morrison

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7
Q

When would there be fluid in the hepatorenal pouch

A

If there has been a trauma
Haemoperioneum
Ascites
Pancreatitis

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8
Q

Which kidney is higher up

A

The left kidney

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9
Q

Which ribs are the kidneys underneath

A

11th and 12th

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10
Q

What are the flexors on the posterior abdominal wall

A

Psoas major
Quadratus abdominus
Transverse abdominus

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11
Q

What level is the subcostal nerve

A

T12

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12
Q

Which nerve courses across the psoas major

A

Iliohypogastric

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13
Q

What does iliohypogastric innervate

A

Transverse abdominus

Sensory to lateral skin region on gluetus

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14
Q

What does ilioinguinal nerve innervate

A

Sensory information into the medial thigh

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15
Q

Where is the renal capsule

A

Loosely attached to the surface of the kidney

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16
Q

What surrounds the kidney

A

Renal capsule (innermost)
Pararenal fat
Renal fascia

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17
Q

What does white area behind the kidney on a contrast scan suggest

A

Active bleed behind the kidney

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18
Q

In a trauma to one kidney, why would blood be contained to that side

A

By the renal fascia

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19
Q

How does trauma to kidney lead to haematuria

A

Blood gone into the pelvis of the kidney and travels through kidney to be excreted with urine

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20
Q

2 main regions of kidney

A

Outer cortex

Inner medulla

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21
Q

What type of tissue is cortex

A

Connective tissue

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22
Q

Where are nephrons situated

A

The medullary pyramids

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23
Q

Where does the aorta through the diaphragm

A

T12

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24
Q

Which vessel branches off at upper border of L1

A

Coeliac trunk

25
Q

Which vessel branches off at the lower border of L1

A

Superior mesenteric artery

26
Q

What vessel does the superior mesenteric artery loop over

A

Left renal vein

27
Q

Where does the renal artery divide

A

Hilum

28
Q

How many segmental arteries does the renal artery divide into

A

4/5

29
Q

What do segmental arteries

A

Lobar arteries

30
Q

What do lobular arteries divide into once in pyramid

A

Arcuate arteries

31
Q

What branches of the arcuate radiate into cortex

A

Cortical radial branches

32
Q

What do cortical radial branches becomes

A

Efferent arterioles

33
Q

What % of the cardiac output do renal arteries get

A

1/4

34
Q

Is the right renal artery anterior or posterior to IVC

A

Posterior

35
Q

Where do renal veins arise

A

L2

36
Q

Are renal veins anterior or posterior to aorta

A

Anterior

37
Q

Why is left renal vein longer than right renal vein

A

Because it has to course across the abdominal aorta

38
Q

Where does the left renal vein receive drainage from

A

Left suprarenal and gonadal veins

39
Q

Where does visceral nervous supply to kidney arise from

A

Splanchic nerves

40
Q

Where does kidney pain refer to

A

Groin

41
Q

What are febrile symptoms

A

Fever

42
Q

Are ureters retroperitoneal

A

Yes

43
Q

Describe the path of the ureters

A

Pass over pelvic brim at bifurcation of common iliac arteries
Run on lateral wall of pelvis
Opposite ischial spine, curves anteromedailly
Oblique entrance into bladder

44
Q

How is backflow of urine prevented

A

One way flap valve when the ureters enter the bladder

45
Q

How do ureters force urine through

A

Peristalsis

46
Q

Name the 3 layers of the ureter wall

A
  • Transitional epithelial mucosa
  • Smooth muscle muscularis
  • Fibrous connective tissue adventitia
47
Q

What do ureters activelly propel urine in response to

A

Bladder stretch

48
Q

Where do visceral afferent to ureters enter

A

T11-L1/2

49
Q

Where is pain in the loin referred to

A

Along ilioinguinal and iliohypogasstric nerves

50
Q

Why is pain referred from loin to groin when the kidney stone descends

A

Because is changes from travelling along iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal to genitofemoral nerve

51
Q

Where is the bladder positioned

A

Lies retroperitoneally on pelvic floor posterior to pubic symphysis

52
Q

Is the bladder higher or lower in children than adults

A

Higher because the pelvic bones in children are smaller and narrower pushing bladder superiorly

53
Q

What ligament holds the bladder in place

A

Median umbilical ligament

54
Q

What are the 3 layers of the bladder wall

A

Transitional epithelial layer
Thick muscular layer
Fibrous adventitia

55
Q

What is the trigone

A

Triangular area outlined by openings for the ureters and urethra

56
Q

Why is trigone clinically relevant

A

Infections occur commonly here

57
Q

Is there transitional epithelium in the trigone

A

No- its smooth

58
Q

What keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed through

A
  • Internal urethral sphincter is an involuntary sphincter in the bladder-urethra junction preventing retrograde ejaculation
  • External urethral sphincter which is the voluntary sphincter in the membranous floor of the pelvis (levator ani)
59
Q

What is the position of the urethra in the female

A

Tightly bound to anterior vaginal wall

MET 2 (32 decks)

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