Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MET 2 > Liver Disease > Flashcards

Liver Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of virus is Hep B

A

Double stranded DNA virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common cause of hepatitis

A

Hep B virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is HbeAg

A

Antigen secreted by cells infected by hepatitis B (marker for acute infection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What 3 antigens are involved in hepatitis b virus

A
  • HbsAg= surface antigen
  • HBcAg= core antigen
  • HbeAg= antigen secreted by infected cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How can hep B be transmitted

A

Horizontal: sexual intercourse, blood, bites from infected people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of chronic hepatitis

A
  • Acutely presents as flu, anorexia, nausea, fever, malaise, jaundice, ascites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When does hepatitis B become chronic

A

> 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What may chronic hepatitis B progress to

A

Liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How may you investigate hep B

A

Hep B specific
General liver function tests
Other tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do transaminases tell us

A

High= acute hepatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are ALT and AST markers for

A

Biomarkers for liver injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are ALP markers for

A

biliary tree pathology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is HBsAg

A

Hep B surface antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the first marker to appear in Hep B and what does it imply

A

HBsAg
Implies acute disease (present for 1-6 months)
Implies patient in infective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do anti-HBs imply

A

Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is HbeAg

A

Hep B ‘e antigen
Presents 1.5-3 months
Measures infectivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Anti-HbC

A

Implies previous infectious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 2 types of anti-HBc antibodies

A

IgM anti-HBs appear during acute/ recent hep B

IgG anti-HBcs persist for life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What should be avoided in hep B

A

Unprotected sex

Alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How should chronic Hep B infections be treated

A

Treatment is lifelong

Antivirals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define cirrhosis

A

Irreversible liver damage- the end stage of chronic liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the most common cause of cirrhosis in the developed world, and worldwife

A

Developed world= alcohol

Worldwide= HBV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What genetic disorders can lead to cirrhosis

A

Haemochromatosis

Wilsons disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What drugs can cause cirrhosis

A

Amidarone
Methyldopa
Methotrexate

25
Q

How does cirrhosis come about

A

Liver cell necrosis leads to fibrosis and regeneration nodule formation

26
Q

What cells are activated due to liver injury and what does this cause

A

Stellate cell activation

Leads to production of fibrogenic mediators leading to increased collagen and fibrosis

27
Q

What are macronodules and when are they formed

A

Nodules are large and variable in size

Caused by chronic viral hepatitis

28
Q

What are micronodules and why do they form

A

Nodules <3mm

Chronic alcohol use

29
Q

What is the difference between compensated and decompensated liver cirrhosis

A 
Compensated= liver can still undergo its function
Decompensated= liver can't still do function and do normal jobs
30
Q

What are the consequences of portal hypertension

A

Ascites

Congestive splenomegaly and oesophageal varices

31
Q

What are the consequences of hepatic failure

A

Coagulopathy

Hepatic encepaholopathy

32
Q

Describe the potential clinical presentation of somebody with liver cirrhossi

A 
Ascites
Splenomegaly
Caput medusae
Peripheral oedema 
Hair loss
Testicular atrophy
33
Q

What would liver function tests of somebody with liver cirrhosis show

A

Decreased albumin

Prolonged prothrombin time

34
Q

What would the liver biochem tests of somebody with cirrhosis show

A

Increased bilirubin

Sometimes normal, sometimes increased AST, ALT, ALP, yGT

35
Q

What would a full blood count of somebody with liver cirrhosis show

A

Decreased white cell count, decreased platelets, anaemia

36
Q

What would an ultrasound of liver cirrhosis show

A

Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Reversed flow in portal vein
Ascites

37
Q

What are the acute symptoms of hepatitis C

A 
Reduced appetite
Fatigue
Nausea
Muscle/ joint pain
Weight loss
38
Q

What are the chronic symptoms of hepatitis C

A 
Weight loss
Reduced appetite
Fatigue
Bleeding
Bruising
Dark coloured urine
Itchy skin
Confusion, drowsiness
39
Q

What causes hep C

A

Hep C virus

Spreads when blood infected

40
Q

3 complications of hep C

A

Cirrhosis
Liver failure
Liver cancer

41
Q

5 indications for liver transplantation

A 
Alcoholic liver disease
Hep C/ B
Primary biliary cholangitis
AI hep
Paracetamol overdose
42
Q

4 complications of liver transplant

A

Organ rejection
Primary non-function
Infections
Hepatic artery/ portal vein thrombosis

43
Q

Name 3 biochemical consequences of drinking too much alcohol

A
  • Increase in FA synthesis
  • Decrease in FA oxidation
  • Production of reactive oxidative species
44
Q

What is hepatic steatosis

A
  • Increased levels of NADH when drinking leads to increase in fatty acid production
  • Build up of fat on the liver
  • This is reversible and asymptomatic
45
Q

What is alcoholic hepatitis

A
  • Reactive oxygen species and cytokines are generated as a result of alcohol consumption
  • Inflammation leads to damage of hepatocytes
  • Mallory bodies form
46
Q

What is cirrhosis

A
  • Damaged hepatocytes are replaced by scar tissue forming regenerative nodules
  • Micronodular
47
Q

How is alcoholic hepatitis treatment

A

Complete abstience from drinking- life long
Vit K/ thiamine supplement
Steroids if in severe distress

48
Q

What are cholesterol gallstones

A

Over saturation of cholesterol in bile

Large stones

49
Q

What are pigment gallstones

A

Over-saturation of bilirubin with calcium
Small anf friable gallstones
Due to haemolysis and cirrhosis

50
Q

What mixed gallstones

A

Combo of pigment and cholesterol gallstones

51
Q

Name 4 complications of gallstones

A
  • Biliary colic
  • Acute cholecystis
  • Ascending cholangitis
  • Acute pancreatitis
52
Q

What is biliary colic

A

Pain associated with temporary obstruction of CD/ CBD
Severe constant pain with crescendo pattern
Resolves after 90 minutes

53
Q

What is acute cholecystis

A

Acute inflammation of gallbladder wall with peritoneal irritation
Well localised RUG/ epigastric pain
Fever
Guarding

54
Q

What is murphys sign

A

Sharp pain on inspiration with pressure on gallbladder

55
Q

What is ascending cholangitis

A

Infection of common bile duct

Can result if gallstone passes on its own

56
Q

What is Charcots triad and what is it characteristic of

A

Severe RUG/ epigastric pain
Fever
Jaundice
Ascending cholangitis

57
Q

What is acute pancreatitis

A

Intracellular activation of pancreatic enzymes and autodigestion
Epigastric pain which radiates to the back

58
Q

What biochemical changes will be present in acute pancreatitis

A

Increased serum lipase and amylase

MET 2 (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions