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MET 2 > HPA axis > Flashcards

HPA axis Flashcards

1
Q

Name 6 general pituitary functions

A 
Feeding
Stress response
Water balance
Sleep-wake cycle
Thermoregulation
Emotions
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2
Q

Where does the pituitary gland sit

A

Sella turcica which is a small depression in sphenoid (pituitary fossa)

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3
Q

What are the proper names for anterior/ posterior pituitary

A 
Anterior= adenohypophysis
Posterior= neurohypophysis
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4
Q

Where is the anterior lobe of pituitary derived from

A

Upward migration from roof of the mouth called Rathke’s pouch
Composed of glandular secretory epithelial tissue

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5
Q

Where is the posterior lobe of pituitary derived from

A

Downward migration of neuroectoderm from the diencephalon directly connected to hypothalamus

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6
Q

Do the anterior and posterior lobes share the same venous drainage

A

Yes

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7
Q

Where does the anterior pituitary gland receive supply from

A

Superior hypophyseal artery

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8
Q

What is the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system

A

Superior hypophyseal artery forms a capillary network around the hypothalamus and blood from this network is transported to secondary capilary plexus surrounding anterior pituitary

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9
Q

What artery supplies the posterior pituitary

A

Blood supply from inferior hypophyseal artery

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10
Q

Where does pituitary blood supply drain

A

Into efferent anterior and posterior hypophyseal portal veins
Drains into cavernous sinus

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11
Q

Briefly state what is meant by the HPA axis

A
  • Stimulus causes hypothalamus to secrete a hormone
  • This causes pituitary to secrete another hormone
  • Act on a target organ which may or may not secrete another hormone
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12
Q

Name 4 stimuli for the thyroid axis

A

Cold, acute psychosis, severe stress, circadian rhythm

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13
Q

What does the hypothalamus release in response to thyroid axis stimuli?

A

Thyrotropic releasing hormone

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14
Q

What inhibits release of TRH

A
  • T4 levels

- Somatostatin, dopamine, corticosteroids

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15
Q

What does the pituitary release in response to TRH

A

TSH

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16
Q

What inhibits TSH release

A

T3

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17
Q

What does the thyroid gland release in response to TSH

A

T4 and T3

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18
Q

What are the stimuli for growth hormone release

A

Circadian rhythm, stress, hypoglycaemia, ghrelin

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19
Q

What stimulates the pituitary gland to release growth hormone

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone

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20
Q

What does growth hormone stimulate? Effect of this?

A

Stimulates IGF-1 release from the liver

Growth

21
Q

What inhibits GHRH release

A

IGF-1

GH

22
Q

Whst inhibits growth hormone release

A

GH
Somatostatin
IGF-1

23
Q

Role of growth hormone?

A

Stimulates growth and repair
Regulates carbohydrate metabolism
Effects cell proliferation

24
Q

What can growth hormone deficiency cause

A

Inadequate energy and impaired well being
Role in insulin resistance and lipid metabolism and thus deficiency can cause hyperlipidaemia
Decreased bone mineral density
Impaired cardiac function

25
Q

What is CRH

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone

26
Q

What stimulates release of CRH

A

Circadian rhythm, stress and hypoglycaemia

ADH

27
Q

What stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone

A
  • CRH

- ADH

28
Q

What is the effect of ACTH release

A

Cortisol release from zona fascilculata of the adrenal gland

29
Q

What does cortisol inhibit release of

A

adh
acth
crh

30
Q

Effect on the body of cortisol release

A
  • Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
  • Suppreses immune system
  • Aids in fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism
31
Q

When does cortisol release peak

A

Just after waking up

32
Q

What is cushings?

A

Excess cortisol

33
Q

What is the difference between cushings syndrome cushings disease

A 
Syndrome= ACTH independent= adrenal hyperplasia or adrenal adenoma
Disease= ACTH dependent= pituitary adenoma
34
Q

What is addisons

A

Low cortisol

35
Q

What stimulates the hypothalamus tol release GnRH

A

Kisspeptin

36
Q

What is released from the pituitary when GnRH is released

A

LH and FSH

37
Q

What inhibits kisspeptin

A

Prolactin

38
Q

What inhibts GnRH release

A

Oestrogen

Testosterone

39
Q

What inhibits LH and FSH

A

Oestrogen

Testosterone

40
Q

What stimulates prolactin release

A

Nipple sucking

41
Q

What does prolactin release from the hypothalamus cause the pituitary to release

A

Prolactin

42
Q

What inhibits prolactin release

A

Dopamine

43
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary hormone underactivity

A 
Primary= underactivity at target organ
Secondary= underactivity at pituitary
44
Q

Where is ADH released from

A

Neurons from supraoptic nuclei

45
Q

Where is oxytocin released from

A

Neurons from paraventricular nuclei

46
Q

Effect of oxytocin

A

Affects uterine contraction in pregnancy and birth

Stimulates initial release of breast milk post birth

47
Q

What is the most and least vulnerable hormone to be lost because of a pituitary tumour

A

Growth hormones- most#

ACTH- last to be lost

48
Q

What is an addisonian crisis

A

Rapid drop in ACTH leading to hypovolemic shock, vascular collapse, profound electrolyte abnormalities, confusion and psychosis

MET 2 (32 decks)

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