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MET 2 > Endocrine anatomy > Flashcards

Endocrine anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How many endocrine diseases diagnosed in UK

A

3.5 million

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2
Q

Why are endocrine around large blood vessels

A

To maintain good supply of blood

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3
Q

What are cushings like symptoms

A
  • Fat deposits developing in face
  • Thinning of skin
  • Weight gain
  • Reddish purple stretch marks
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4
Q

Where is the pituitary gland found

A

Centre of sphenoid bone- sella turcica

Hangs on hypothalamus

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5
Q

What can be seen posteriorly and anteriorly of hypothalamus

A

Mammaralary glands

Optic chiasm

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6
Q

What connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus

A

Infundibulum

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7
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary is an extension of the hypothalamus

A

Posterior lobe

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8
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary is more gland like

A

Anterior lobe

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9
Q

What is secreted by anterior lobe

A 
ACTH
TSH
LG
TSH
Prolactin
growth hormone
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10
Q

What is secreted by posterior lobe

A

ADH

Oxytocin

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11
Q

Where do cell bodies collect in the hypothalamus

A
  • Supraoptic nuclei

- paraventricular nuclei

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12
Q

What do the axons from the supraoptic nuclei transport

A

ADH

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13
Q

Where does the posterior pituitary secrete its hormones

A

Into the capillary bed

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14
Q

What do the axons travelling from the paraventricular nuclei transport

A

Oxytocin

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15
Q

Which artery runs either side of the pituitary gland

A

Internal carotid artery

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16
Q

What branch is given off by the ICA to supply hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

Superior hypophyseal artery

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17
Q

What capillary bed does the superior hypophyseal artery break up into within the hypothalamus

A

Primary plexus

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18
Q

Where does blood from the anterior pituitary gland drain into

A

Hypophyseal portal vein
Secondary plexus
Efferent hypophyseal veins
Cavernous sinus

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19
Q

What happens if blood coming into hypothalamus has low levels of T3 and T4

A

Releases thyrotrophin releasing hormone into the primary plexus
Stimulates TSH release
Via efferent hypophyseal into general circulation

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20
Q

Where does ACTH act

A

Adrenal glands to release cortisol

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21
Q

What would be the visual defect as a result of pituitary adenoma

A

Bitemporal hemianopia (optic chiasm lesion)

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22
Q

What runs through cavernous sinus

A 
ICA
Occulomotor nerve
Trochlear
V1 and V2 and trigeminal
Abducens
23
Q

Why does somebody with pituitary adenoma have cushings like symptoms

A

Excessive hormone production

24
Q

Why do people with pituitary adenoma have progressive opthalmoegia

A

Crushing contents of cavernous sinus

25
Q

Which lobe of pituitary lobe most commonly gets tumour

A

Anterior lobe

26
Q

Treatment for pituitary tumour

A

Surgery to remove tumour and leave at least some of the normal pituitary gland

27
Q

What happens if there is excess of LH/ FSH

A
  • rare

- irregular menstrual cycles or decreased sex interest

28
Q

What happens if there is excess growth hormones

A

giantism in kids

acromegaly in adults

29
Q

What happens if there is excess TSH

A

Hyperthyroidism
weight loss
rapid heart rate
tremors

30
Q

What happens if there is excess ACTH

A

Excess cortisol

Cushings

31
Q

What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland

A

Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

32
Q

What is secreted from the adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Androgens

33
Q

What is secreted from adrenal medulla

A

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

34
Q

What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculara
Zona reticularis (innermost)

35
Q

Which zone of the adrenal cortex secrets androgens

A

Reticularis

36
Q

Which zone of the adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids

A

Fasciularis

37
Q

Which area of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone

A

Glomerulosa

38
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located

A

Superomedial aspects of kidneys and crura of diaphragm

In perineal fat

39
Q

What arteries supply adrenal glands

A

Superior suprarenal
Middle suprarenal
Inferior suparenal

40
Q

What is the largest artery above suprarenal glands? What vessels comes off of it

A

Inferior phrenic artery

The superior suprarenal arteries (6-8 of them)

41
Q

What does middle suprarenal artery come from

A

Abdominal aorta

42
Q

What does the inferior suprarenal artery come from

A

Renal artery

43
Q

Where does the right and the left adrenal gland drain blood to

A 
Right= IVC
Left= left renal vein
44
Q

Where does the thyrohoid muscle go

A

GOing between hyoid bone and thyroid

45
Q

Where does sternothyroid go

A

Sternum and thyroid cartilage

46
Q

Which are the 2 deeper infrahyoid muscles

A

Thyrohoid and sternothyroid

47
Q

Where does sternohyoid go

A

Sternum to hyoid

48
Q

Where does omohyoid go

A

From hyoid to shoulder

49
Q

What happens if infrahyoid muscles contract

A

Hyoid goes down

50
Q

What level does thyroid gland lie

A

C5-T1

51
Q

Where does thyroid gland originate

A

Part of tongue

52
Q

Does internal carotid artery branch in the neck

A

Nah mush

53
Q

What arteries supply yhtyoid

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

54
Q

What structures surrounding the thyroid gland must a surgeon avoid during thyroidectomy

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve—> dysphonia
Parathyroid glands—> tetany
Thyroid ima artery–>

MET 2 (32 decks)

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