Endocrine anatomy Flashcards
How many endocrine diseases diagnosed in UK
3.5 million
Why are endocrine around large blood vessels
To maintain good supply of blood
What are cushings like symptoms
- Fat deposits developing in face
- Thinning of skin
- Weight gain
- Reddish purple stretch marks
Where is the pituitary gland found
Centre of sphenoid bone- sella turcica
Hangs on hypothalamus
What can be seen posteriorly and anteriorly of hypothalamus
Mammaralary glands
Optic chiasm
What connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus
Infundibulum
Which lobe of the pituitary is an extension of the hypothalamus
Posterior lobe
Which lobe of the pituitary is more gland like
Anterior lobe
What is secreted by anterior lobe
ACTH TSH LG TSH Prolactin growth hormone
What is secreted by posterior lobe
ADH
Oxytocin
Where do cell bodies collect in the hypothalamus
- Supraoptic nuclei
- paraventricular nuclei
What do the axons from the supraoptic nuclei transport
ADH
Where does the posterior pituitary secrete its hormones
Into the capillary bed
What do the axons travelling from the paraventricular nuclei transport
Oxytocin
Which artery runs either side of the pituitary gland
Internal carotid artery
What branch is given off by the ICA to supply hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Superior hypophyseal artery
What capillary bed does the superior hypophyseal artery break up into within the hypothalamus
Primary plexus
Where does blood from the anterior pituitary gland drain into
Hypophyseal portal vein
Secondary plexus
Efferent hypophyseal veins
Cavernous sinus
What happens if blood coming into hypothalamus has low levels of T3 and T4
Releases thyrotrophin releasing hormone into the primary plexus
Stimulates TSH release
Via efferent hypophyseal into general circulation
Where does ACTH act
Adrenal glands to release cortisol
What would be the visual defect as a result of pituitary adenoma
Bitemporal hemianopia (optic chiasm lesion)
What runs through cavernous sinus
ICA Occulomotor nerve Trochlear V1 and V2 and trigeminal Abducens
Why does somebody with pituitary adenoma have cushings like symptoms
Excessive hormone production
Why do people with pituitary adenoma have progressive opthalmoegia
Crushing contents of cavernous sinus
Which lobe of pituitary lobe most commonly gets tumour
Anterior lobe
Treatment for pituitary tumour
Surgery to remove tumour and leave at least some of the normal pituitary gland
What happens if there is excess of LH/ FSH
- rare
- irregular menstrual cycles or decreased sex interest
What happens if there is excess growth hormones
giantism in kids
acromegaly in adults
What happens if there is excess TSH
Hyperthyroidism
weight loss
rapid heart rate
tremors
What happens if there is excess ACTH
Excess cortisol
Cushings
What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland
Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
What is secreted from the adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Androgens
What is secreted from adrenal medulla
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculara
Zona reticularis (innermost)
Which zone of the adrenal cortex secrets androgens
Reticularis
Which zone of the adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids
Fasciularis
Which area of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone
Glomerulosa
Where are the adrenal glands located
Superomedial aspects of kidneys and crura of diaphragm
In perineal fat
What arteries supply adrenal glands
Superior suprarenal
Middle suprarenal
Inferior suparenal
What is the largest artery above suprarenal glands? What vessels comes off of it
Inferior phrenic artery
The superior suprarenal arteries (6-8 of them)
What does middle suprarenal artery come from
Abdominal aorta
What does the inferior suprarenal artery come from
Renal artery
Where does the right and the left adrenal gland drain blood to
Right= IVC Left= left renal vein
Where does the thyrohoid muscle go
GOing between hyoid bone and thyroid
Where does sternothyroid go
Sternum and thyroid cartilage
Which are the 2 deeper infrahyoid muscles
Thyrohoid and sternothyroid
Where does sternohyoid go
Sternum to hyoid
Where does omohyoid go
From hyoid to shoulder
What happens if infrahyoid muscles contract
Hyoid goes down
What level does thyroid gland lie
C5-T1
Where does thyroid gland originate
Part of tongue
Does internal carotid artery branch in the neck
Nah mush
What arteries supply yhtyoid
Superior and inferior thyroid arteries
What structures surrounding the thyroid gland must a surgeon avoid during thyroidectomy
Recurrent laryngeal nerve—> dysphonia
Parathyroid glands—> tetany
Thyroid ima artery–>
