Endocrine anatomy

Question 1

How many endocrine diseases diagnosed in UK

Answer 1

3.5 million

Question 2

Why are endocrine around large blood vessels

Answer 2

To maintain good supply of blood

Question 3

What are cushings like symptoms

Answer 3

• Fat deposits developing in face
• Thinning of skin
• Weight gain
• Reddish purple stretch marks

Question 4

Where is the pituitary gland found

Answer 4

Centre of sphenoid bone- sella turcica

Hangs on hypothalamus

Question 5

What can be seen posteriorly and anteriorly of hypothalamus

Answer 5

Mammaralary glands

Optic chiasm

Question 6

What connects pituitary gland to hypothalamus

Answer 6

Infundibulum

Question 7

Which lobe of the pituitary is an extension of the hypothalamus

Answer 7

Posterior lobe

Question 8

Which lobe of the pituitary is more gland like

Answer 8

Anterior lobe

Question 9

What is secreted by anterior lobe

Answer 9

ACTH
TSH
LG
TSH
Prolactin
growth hormone

Question 10

What is secreted by posterior lobe

Answer 10

ADH

Oxytocin

Question 11

Where do cell bodies collect in the hypothalamus

Answer 11

• Supraoptic nuclei

- paraventricular nuclei

Question 12

What do the axons from the supraoptic nuclei transport

Answer 12

ADH

Question 13

Where does the posterior pituitary secrete its hormones

Answer 13

Into the capillary bed

Question 14

What do the axons travelling from the paraventricular nuclei transport

Answer 14

Oxytocin

Question 15

Which artery runs either side of the pituitary gland

Answer 15

Internal carotid artery

Question 16

What branch is given off by the ICA to supply hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Answer 16

Superior hypophyseal artery

Question 17

What capillary bed does the superior hypophyseal artery break up into within the hypothalamus

Answer 17

Primary plexus

Question 18

Where does blood from the anterior pituitary gland drain into

Answer 18

Hypophyseal portal vein
Secondary plexus
Efferent hypophyseal veins
Cavernous sinus

Question 19

What happens if blood coming into hypothalamus has low levels of T3 and T4

Answer 19

Releases thyrotrophin releasing hormone into the primary plexus
Stimulates TSH release
Via efferent hypophyseal into general circulation

Question 20

Where does ACTH act

Answer 20

Adrenal glands to release cortisol

Question 21

What would be the visual defect as a result of pituitary adenoma

Answer 21

Bitemporal hemianopia (optic chiasm lesion)

Question 22

What runs through cavernous sinus

Answer 22

ICA
Occulomotor nerve
Trochlear
V1 and V2 and trigeminal
Abducens

Question 23

Why does somebody with pituitary adenoma have cushings like symptoms

Answer 23

Excessive hormone production

Question 24

Why do people with pituitary adenoma have progressive opthalmoegia

Answer 24

Crushing contents of cavernous sinus

Question 25

Which lobe of pituitary lobe most commonly gets tumour

Answer 25

Anterior lobe

Question 26

Treatment for pituitary tumour

Answer 26

Surgery to remove tumour and leave at least some of the normal pituitary gland

Question 27

What happens if there is excess of LH/ FSH

Answer 27

- rare | - irregular menstrual cycles or decreased sex interest

Question 28

What happens if there is excess growth hormones

Answer 28

giantism in kids | acromegaly in adults

Question 29

What happens if there is excess TSH

Answer 29

Hyperthyroidism weight loss rapid heart rate tremors

Question 30

What happens if there is excess ACTH

Answer 30

Excess cortisol | Cushings

Question 31

What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland

Answer 31

Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

Question 32

What is secreted from the adrenal cortex

Answer 32

Aldosterone Cortisol Androgens

Question 33

What is secreted from adrenal medulla

Answer 33

Adrenaline | Noradrenaline

Question 34

What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex

Answer 34

Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculara Zona reticularis (innermost)

Question 35

Which zone of the adrenal cortex secrets androgens

Answer 35

Reticularis

Question 36

Which zone of the adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids

Answer 36

Fasciularis

Question 37

Which area of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone

Answer 37

Glomerulosa

Question 38

Where are the adrenal glands located

Answer 38

Superomedial aspects of kidneys and crura of diaphragm | In perineal fat

Question 39

What arteries supply adrenal glands

Answer 39

Superior suprarenal Middle suprarenal Inferior suparenal

Question 40

What is the largest artery above suprarenal glands? What vessels comes off of it

Answer 40

Inferior phrenic artery | The superior suprarenal arteries (6-8 of them)

Question 41

What does middle suprarenal artery come from

Answer 41

Abdominal aorta

Question 42

What does the inferior suprarenal artery come from

Answer 42

Renal artery

Question 43

Where does the right and the left adrenal gland drain blood to

Answer 43

``` Right= IVC Left= left renal vein ```

Question 44

Where does the thyrohoid muscle go

Answer 44

GOing between hyoid bone and thyroid

Question 45

Where does sternothyroid go

Answer 45

Sternum and thyroid cartilage

Question 46

Which are the 2 deeper infrahyoid muscles

Answer 46

Thyrohoid and sternothyroid

Question 47

Where does sternohyoid go

Answer 47

Sternum to hyoid

Question 48

Where does omohyoid go

Answer 48

From hyoid to shoulder

Question 49

What happens if infrahyoid muscles contract

Answer 49

Hyoid goes down

Question 50

What level does thyroid gland lie

Answer 50

C5-T1

Question 51

Where does thyroid gland originate

Answer 51

Part of tongue

Question 52

Does internal carotid artery branch in the neck

Answer 52

Nah mush

Question 53

What arteries supply yhtyoid

Answer 53

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Question 54

What structures surrounding the thyroid gland must a surgeon avoid during thyroidectomy

Answer 54

Recurrent laryngeal nerve---> dysphonia Parathyroid glands---> tetany Thyroid ima artery-->