Renal A & P Flashcards
What are the functions of the kidneys?
- Water balance
- Osmolarity
- Quantity and concentration of most ECF ions.
- Plasma volume/blood pressure.
- Acid-base balance
- Eliminating Waste
- Eliminating foreign compounds.
- Producing erythropoietin
- Producing renin
- Activating Vitamin D
What is acute renal failure?
Sudden loss of kidney function.
What is cystitis?
Inflammation of the urinary bladder.
What is hematuria?
Blood in urine.
What is Hemodialysis?
A method of clearing waste products from the blood.
What is nocturia?
Night urination
What is Polyuria?
Excessive urine output.
What is Uremia?
Retention of urinary constituents in the blood.
What is hydronephrosis?
Water in the kidney.
What does the afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, and peritubular capillaries do?
Afferent=carries blood to glomerulus.
Efferent=carries blood from glomerulus.
Peritubular=supplies the renal tissue.
What is the glomerulus?
A tuft of capillaries that filters a protein-free plasma into the tubular component.
What does the bowmans capsule do?
Collects the glomerular filtrate.
What does the proximal tubule do?
Uncontrolled reabsorption and secretion of selected substances occur here.
What does the loop of henle do?
Establishes osmotic gradient in renal medulla.
What does the distal tubule and collecting duct do?
Variable, controlled reabsorption of Na+ H2O and secretion of K+ and H+
What is the bowmans capsule made up of (Inner and outer)?
outer: squamous epithelium
Inner: podocytes associated with glomerular capillaries.
Filtrate must mass through what 3 structures?
- Capillary endothelium.
- Basement membrane
- Podocytes.
What is glomular filtrate? What is contained in it? What is normal GFR?
GF=Sum of all filtrate removed from blood.
Contains water, electrolytes, glucose. GFR=125 ml/min
What is the GFR equation?
Urine volume x Inulin conc in urine/ Inulin conc in plasma.
What is glomerular filtration?
Movement of material from glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule.
What causes increase or decreases in GFR?
increase= vasodilation decrease= vasoconstriction
What is tubular reabsorption? Where does it mainly occur?
Transfer of fluid and solutes of the lumen of the nephron into the interstitial space.
Primarily in proximal convoluted tubule.
What is transport maximum?
Concentration of transported molecules needed to saturate carriers and achieve max transport rate.
What is the Tm of glucose?
375 mg/min
What substances are moved during tubular secretion?
H+ K+ and Penicillin.
What is acidosis?
CO2 accumulates, H+ ions are excreted.
What is Alkalosis?
HCO3 increases, bicarbinate ions are excreted.
what does ADH do to the distal tubules?
Causes distal tubules to become highly permeable to water, causing reabsorption.
How do you calculate rate of plasma clearance?
Rate of urine formation x Urine concentration / Plasma concentration
What do Macula Densa do? Juxtaglomerular cells?
MD= Osmoreceptors sense blood osmotic pressure.
J=talk with MD cells and secrete renin.
What are the cells in the stomach? Glands?
Mucous neck cells Parietal cells Chief cells Enteroendocrine Stem cells Gastric Glands/pits
What are the cells in the small intestine? Glands?
Crypts of Leiberkuhn Enterocytes Goblet cells Enteroendocrine Paneth cells Duodenal Brunners glands.
Enteroendocrine cells secrete what in the stomach? Small Intestine?
Stom= Seretonin, gastrin SI= Choecystokinin, Secretin.
Where are peyers patches located?
Illeum
Where are brunners glands located?
Duodenum
