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DMD5249 Disease and Wellness 4 > Renal A & P > Flashcards

Renal A & P Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. Water balance
  2. Osmolarity
  3. Quantity and concentration of most ECF ions.
  4. Plasma volume/blood pressure.
  5. Acid-base balance
  6. Eliminating Waste
  7. Eliminating foreign compounds.
  8. Producing erythropoietin
  9. Producing renin
  10. Activating Vitamin D
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2
Q

What is acute renal failure?

A

Sudden loss of kidney function.

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3
Q

What is cystitis?

A

Inflammation of the urinary bladder.

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4
Q

What is hematuria?

A

Blood in urine.

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5
Q

What is Hemodialysis?

A

A method of clearing waste products from the blood.

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6
Q

What is nocturia?

A

Night urination

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7
Q

What is Polyuria?

A

Excessive urine output.

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8
Q

What is Uremia?

A

Retention of urinary constituents in the blood.

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9
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

Water in the kidney.

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10
Q

What does the afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, and peritubular capillaries do?

A

Afferent=carries blood to glomerulus.
Efferent=carries blood from glomerulus.
Peritubular=supplies the renal tissue.

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11
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A tuft of capillaries that filters a protein-free plasma into the tubular component.

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12
Q

What does the bowmans capsule do?

A

Collects the glomerular filtrate.

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13
Q

What does the proximal tubule do?

A

Uncontrolled reabsorption and secretion of selected substances occur here.

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14
Q

What does the loop of henle do?

A

Establishes osmotic gradient in renal medulla.

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15
Q

What does the distal tubule and collecting duct do?

A

Variable, controlled reabsorption of Na+ H2O and secretion of K+ and H+

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16
Q

What is the bowmans capsule made up of (Inner and outer)?

A

outer: squamous epithelium
Inner: podocytes associated with glomerular capillaries.

17
Q

Filtrate must mass through what 3 structures?

A
  1. Capillary endothelium.
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Podocytes.
18
Q

What is glomular filtrate? What is contained in it? What is normal GFR?

A

GF=Sum of all filtrate removed from blood.

Contains water, electrolytes, glucose. GFR=125 ml/min

19
Q

What is the GFR equation?

A

Urine volume x Inulin conc in urine/ Inulin conc in plasma.

20
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A

Movement of material from glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule.

21
Q

What causes increase or decreases in GFR?

A 
increase= vasodilation 
decrease= vasoconstriction
22
Q

What is tubular reabsorption? Where does it mainly occur?

A

Transfer of fluid and solutes of the lumen of the nephron into the interstitial space.
Primarily in proximal convoluted tubule.

23
Q

What is transport maximum?

A

Concentration of transported molecules needed to saturate carriers and achieve max transport rate.

24
Q

What is the Tm of glucose?

A

375 mg/min

25
Q

What substances are moved during tubular secretion?

A

H+ K+ and Penicillin.

26
Q

What is acidosis?

A

CO2 accumulates, H+ ions are excreted.

27
Q

What is Alkalosis?

A

HCO3 increases, bicarbinate ions are excreted.

28
Q

what does ADH do to the distal tubules?

A

Causes distal tubules to become highly permeable to water, causing reabsorption.

29
Q

How do you calculate rate of plasma clearance?

A

Rate of urine formation x Urine concentration / Plasma concentration

30
Q

What do Macula Densa do? Juxtaglomerular cells?

A

MD= Osmoreceptors sense blood osmotic pressure.

J=talk with MD cells and secrete renin.

31
Q

What are the cells in the stomach? Glands?

A 
Mucous neck cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Enteroendocrine
Stem cells 
Gastric Glands/pits
32
Q

What are the cells in the small intestine? Glands?

A 
Crypts of Leiberkuhn
Enterocytes
Goblet cells
Enteroendocrine
Paneth cells
Duodenal Brunners glands.
33
Q

Enteroendocrine cells secrete what in the stomach? Small Intestine?

A 
Stom= Seretonin, gastrin
SI= Choecystokinin, Secretin.
34
Q

Where are peyers patches located?

A

Illeum

35
Q

Where are brunners glands located?

A

Duodenum

DMD5249 Disease and Wellness 4 (8 decks)

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