GI A & P

Question 1

What are the 3 glands, percentage of saliva they secrete, location, and what they secrete?

Answer 1

1. Parotid: Largest, 25% of saliva, near the ear, secretes serous solution.
2. Submandibular: 70%, located under mandible, serous and mucous secretion.
3. Sublingual, 5%, under tongue, Serous and mucous.

Question 2

The esophagus enters stomach through what? What muscles are involved?

Answer 2

Esophageal hiatus.

Voluntary muscle first 1/3, smooth lower 2/3.

Question 3

What does deglutition? What are the 3 phases?

Answer 3

Swallowing.

1. Buccal: compression of food agaisnt palate, sealing off of nasopharynx.
2. Pharyngeal: Food passes glottis.
3. Esophageal: Contraction of pharyngeal muscles, food pushed to stomach.

Question 4

What are the major regions

Answer 4

1. Cardiac
2. Fundus
3. Body
4. Antrum
5. Pylorus

Question 5

What are the 2 stomach sphincters?

Answer 5

1. Gastroesophageal

2. Pyloric sphincter

Question 6

What lines the stomach?

Answer 6

Simple Columnar Epithelium.

Question 7

What do mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells, secrete?

Answer 7

1. Mucous: mucus
2. Parietal: hydrochloric acid.
3. Chief: Pepsinogen
4. Enteroendocrine: Serotonin, gastrin.

Question 8

What are the phases of stomach digestion?

Answer 8

1. Cephalic: Taste of food
2. Gastric: Food in stomach
3. Intestinal: Small amounts of food enters intestine.

Question 9

Which intestine absorbs the most nutrients? What are the 3 segements?

Answer 9

Small intestine.

1. Duodenum (10’)
2. Jejunum (8’)
3. Ileum (12’)

Question 10

What is peristalsis?

Answer 10

Propulsion of food through smooth muscle contraction.

Question 11

What is segmentation?

Answer 11

Local contractions of smooth muscle that breaks up and mixes the food.

Question 12

What are some intestine modifications for absorption?

Answer 12

1. Circular folds for increases surface area
2. Villi: can move
3. Microvilli: contain enzymes

Question 13

What are crypts of lieberkuhn?

Answer 13

Intestinal glands where mucous cells between columnar epi cells secreting mucins.

Question 14

Digestion enzymes are attached where on intestinal cells? What are the enzymes?

Answer 14

Attached to brush border.

Sucrase
lactase
Glucoamylase
Alpha Dextrinase
Peptidases

Question 15

What do duodenum brunners glands secrete?

Answer 15

Alkaline mucins when chyme arrives from stomach

Question 16

What occurs in each of the three small intestine sections>

Answer 16

1. Duodenum=mixing
2. Jejunum=Chemical digestion
3. Illeum=Absorption (peyers patches)

Question 17

What are the two functions of the pancreas?

Answer 17

1. Endocrine=insulin and glucagon

2. Exocrine=Pancreatic acini

Question 18

What do Cholecystokinin do?

Answer 18

Stimulates pancreatic enzymes.

Question 19

What does secretin do?

Answer 19

Simulates bicarbinate.

Question 20

What are the characteristics of the cecum?

Answer 20

Expanded pouch receiving material from ileum.

Question 21

What are the characteristics of the Appendix?

Answer 21

Slender and hallow. Dominated by lymphoid nodules.

Question 22

what are Haustra? Taeniae coli?

Answer 22

haustra=Series of pouches that allow expansion in colon.

Taenia=bands of smooth muscle.

Question 23

what happens in the large intestine?

Answer 23

water resorption, bile salts, vitamins produced by bacteria, and organic wastes.

Question 24

Appetite is regulated by what? which regulate increase or decrease in appetite?

Answer 24

Nuclei in hypothalamus.

Increase= NPY/AgRP
Decrease= POMC/CART