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Year 5 Notes > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Nephritic syndrome: Symptoms

A

Haematuria ⬇️UO Facial swelling/edema Milder proteinuria Mild HTN

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2
Q

Nephritic syndrome: Causes

A

Group A strep Bacterial (MRSA, pneumonia, IE) Viral (measles, mumps, hep) Toxo, malaria Good pasture, wegeners, SLE, HSP

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3
Q

Nephrotic vs Nephritic syndrome

A

Main difference is haematuria –> nephritic Proteinuria is milder in nephritic Albumin and lipid changes and nephrosis

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4
Q

Nephrotic syndrome: Symptoms/features

A

Proteinuria >3.5g/day Serum album

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5
Q

Nephrotic syndrome: Management

A

Low salt high protein Diuretics, ACE inhibitors Steroids Immunosuppressants if steroids don’t work

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6
Q

IgA nephropathy (Bergers disease): Symptoms

A

Gross haematuria +URTI/gastroenteritis

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7
Q

IgA nephropathy: Ix

A

Renal biopsy is gold standard Measure protein excretion, if too high ?myeloma Urine microscopy Renal function

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8
Q

Good pastures: Presentation

A

Massive pulmonary haemorrhage + acute glomerulnephritis

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9
Q

Investigation for renal colic

A

Non-contrast CT

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10
Q

Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome: Typical/features

A

Acute renal failure+microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia + thrombocytopenia Usually post dysentery (typically E. coli) , if not cicoosporin, tumor, preg Needs FBC, U+E, stool culture Supportive management only

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11
Q

Alports syndrome

A

Haematuria + progressive CKD + sensorineural hearing loss + ocular abnormalities X links dominant HTN and supportive tx

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12
Q

Autosomal recessive poly cystic kidney disease

A

Rare Chr6 Pre/perinatal Bilateral masses, generally fibrosis

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13
Q

Renal cancer: Endocrine complications

A

Erythropoietin- polycythaemia Parathyroid - high Ca

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14
Q

PKD: Symptoms

A

Frequency Loin pain HTN Bilateral kidney enlargement UTI/pyelonephritis Gross haematuria following trauma Stones

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15
Q

PKD: Extra renal manifestations

A

Liver cysts Pancreatic cysts Aneurysms: cardiac, berry Cardiac eg mitral valve prolapse

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16
Q

PKD: Ix and target BP

A

USS is definitive scan Higher number of cysts needed for diagnosis as you get older due to naturally occurring cysts

17
Q

Muddy brown casts on microscopy

A

Acute tubular necrosis

18
Q

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: Signs and symptoms

A

Post strep - sore throat, impetigo Haematuria, Oliguria, edema, HTN (ie Nephritic syndrome) + general malaise

19
Q

Most common viral infection in organ transplant

A

CMV

20
Q

Renal artery stenosis: Signs

A

HTN resistant to tx Worsening renal function in response to ACE Flash pulmonary edema Carotid/femoral bruit

21
Q

Renal Artery Stenosis: Ix

A

USS - smaller kidney Doppler - poor blood flow CT/MRI Renal angio - gold standard but invasive

22
Q

Renal tubular acidosis: Metabolic effect

A

Hyperchloraemic acidosis with normal anion gap

23
Q

Diabetic nephropathy stages

A

1) GFR elevated 2) glomerular hyperfiltration 3) microalbuminaemia 4) nephropathy

24
Q

Myeloma kidney

A

Antibodies and light chains accumulate and block tubules Causes acute tubular necrosis Tx - fluids and dialysis

25
Q

AKI: Risk factors

A

Diabetes Sepsis CKD Heart failure PVD Drugs Dehydration

26
Q

AKI: Pre renal causes

A

Renal hypoperfusion e,g from hypovolaemia, hypotension, sepsis, RAS

27
Q

AKI: Intrinsic causes

A

Acute tubular necrosis Autoimmune e.g SLE, HSP Drugs Vasculitis

28
Q

AKI: Post renal

A

Urinary tract obstruction

29
Q

AKI: Management/Investigations

ABCDEU

A

ABG - degree of acidosis, K+

Bloods - FBC, U+Es, cultures

Catheter to assess fluid balance

Dietary protein restriction and Drug r/v

Electrolytes and ECG - hyperkalaemia

Ultrasound - obstruction, renal size

30
Q

AKI: Referral criterial

A

Hyperkalaemia and oligoanuric/unresponsive to Tx Urea>40 or Uraemic Glomerulonephritis Systemic disease

31
Q

AKI: Dialysis criteria

A

Persistent hyperkalaemia Refractory pulmonary edema Severe acidosis Drug OD Uraemic complications

32
Q

eGFR >90%

A

Stage 1 CKD - eGFR fine but other abnormalities

33
Q

eGFR 60-89

A

Stage 2 CKD: mild

34
Q

eGFR 30-59

A

Stage 3 CKD: moderate

35
Q

eGFR 15-29

A

Stage 4 CKD: severe

36
Q

eGFR <15

A

Stage 5: end stage

Year 5 Notes (19 decks)

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