Haematology

Question 1

Microcytic Anaemia:

Causes

Answer 1

Iron deficiency anaemia
Thalassaemia
Sideroblastic anaemia (rare)

Question 2

Normocytic anaemia:

Causes

Answer 2

Acute blood loss
Anaemia of chronic disease
Bone marrow/renal failure
Hypothyroid
Haemolysis
Pregnancy

Question 3

Macrocytic anaemia:

Causes

Answer 3

B12/folate deficiency
Alcohol/liver disease
Reticulocytosis
Drugs/toxins
Hypothyroidism
Myelodysplastic syndromes
Marrow infiltration
Anti folate drugs eg phenytoin

Question 4

Iron deficiency anaemia:

Signs

Answer 4

Glossitis
Angular stomatitis
Koilonychia

Question 5

Anaemia:

symptoms & treatment

Question 6

Polycythaemia:

Causes

Answer 6

Dehydration (alcohol, diuretics)
Obesity+alcohol+smoking+HTN
Hypoxia (altitude, chronic lung disease, cyanotic heart disease, heavy smoking)
Cancer (over secretion of erythropoietin)

Question 7

Polycythaemia:

Management

Answer 7

Venesection
Daily lose dose aspirin
Hydroxycarbamide (>60 men)
(Interferon childbearing age women)

Question 8

Thrombophilia:

Causes

Answer 8

Post op
Infection
Inflammation

Question 9

Neutrophilia:

Causes

Answer 9

Infection
Vasculitis
Inflammation
Malignancy

Question 10

Lymphocytosis:

Causes

Answer 10

Viral infection
CLL
ALL

Question 11

Lymphopenia:

Causes

Answer 11

Drugs
Infection
Autoimmune (SLE)

Question 12

DIC

Answer 12

Widespread release of proagulants into system causes widespread clotting then use up of all clotting factors and platelets leading to widespread bleeding

Question 13

DIC:

Causes

Answer 13

Malignancy
Sepsis
Trauma
Obstetrics

Question 14

DIC:

Signs and Tx

Answer 14

Bruising and bleeding everywhere
Renal failure
⬇️platelets
⬆️PT
⬇️ fibrinogen
⬆️ d dimer

Tx
Replace platelets and clotting factors

Question 15

Von Willebrands Findings

Answer 15

Slightly prolonged APPT
Normal/prolonged PT
Autosomal dominant
Menorhhagia/epistaxis
Factor VIII
petechial rash

Question 16

Unprovoked DVT/PE

Answer 16

3 months VKA

Question 17

Provoked DVT/PE

Answer 17

6 months VKA

Question 18

bilobed large mononuclear cells + bleeding

Answer 18

AML

Question 19

AML

Answer 19

Adults
Auer Rods
DIC/thrombocyotopaenia
bilobed mononuclear
low WCC
low platelets

Question 20

Von Willebrands Findings

Answer 20

Slightly prolonged APPT
Normal/prolonged PT
Autosomal dominant
Menorhhagia/epistaxis
Factor VIII

Question 21

Unprovoked DVT/PE

Answer 21

3 months VKA

Question 22

Provoked DVT/PE

Answer 22

6 months VKA

Question 23

bilobed large mononuclear cells + bleeding

Answer 23

AML

Question 24

AML

Answer 24

Adults
Auer Rods
DIC/thrombocyotopaenia
bilobed mononuclear
low WCC
low platelets

Question 25

Causes of thrombophilia

most to least common

Answer 25

Factor V Leiden
Protein C deficiency
Protein S deficiency
Antithrombin III deficiency
Antiphospholipid

Question 26

Polycythaemia Rubra Vera

Answer 26

JAK2
hyperviscocity, pruritis after bath, splenomgaly, haemorrhage, plethora
high haemoglobin low neutrophils low ESR

Question 27

CML

Answer 27

Elderly

Well differentiated B cells

Question 28

Factor V Leiden

Answer 28

Activated protein C resistance

Inherited

Question 29

Beta thalassaemia trait

Answer 29

Autosomal recessive
Hypochromic microcytic mild anaemia
HbA2 raised

Question 30

Haemophillia

Answer 30

X-linked recessive
A - Factor VIII deficiency
B - IX

prolonged bleeding, haemarthrosis

Question 31

Polycythaemia Rubra Vera

Answer 31

JAK2
hyperviscocity, pruritis after bath, splenomgaly, haemorrhage, plethora
high haemoglobin low neutrophils

Question 32

tear drop poikilocytes

Answer 32

myelofibrosis

Question 33

Test for spherocytosis

Answer 33

Osmotic fragility