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BIOM3200 > Renal 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Renal 3 & 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What do the kidneys do?

A
  • excrete metabolic waste products
  • homeostatic processes of:
  • water and electrolyte regulation
  • acid-base (pH) balance
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2
Q

Major components to renal system?

A
  • kidneys
  • major blood vessels (renal artery, renal vein)
  • ureters (drain urine from kidneys via peristalsis
  • urinary bladder (storage)
  • urethra (drainage)
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3
Q

Anatomy of kidney from outside to inside…

A
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
  • renal pyramid
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
  • renal artery and renal vein too…
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4
Q

Nephrons are located in the _____ of the kidney

A

Renal cortex

80% are cortical nephrons
20% are juxtamedullary nephrons

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5
Q

3 major steps fo filtration in the kidneys

A
  1. blood in at glomerulus
  2. filtered by nephrons
  3. urine out collecting duct
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6
Q

Mammal kidney types…

A
  • cattle -lobulated

- marine mammals - reniculate kidney (increased surface area)

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7
Q

Nephrons is the ______ of the kidney

A

functional unit

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8
Q

What are nephrons?

Nephrons/kidney

A
  • blind ended microscopic tubules

- over a million per kidney

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9
Q

What happens to nephrons as we age?

A

nephrons are lost with age.

our kidneys decrease efficiency

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10
Q

What are the four regions of a nephron?

A
  • bowman’s capsule (glomerulus and capsule)
  • proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
  • loop of Henle
  • distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
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11
Q

Collecting ducts are

A
  • not part of nephron

- essential role in water retention

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12
Q

Nephron is associated with networks of __________

A

peritubular capillary vessels

- this is where exchange of salts and water occurs

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13
Q

Urine is formed in the nephron in 3 steps

A
  1. filtration
  2. reabsorption
  3. secretion
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14
Q

Urine is formed in the nephron in 3 steps

1. Filtration

A
  • mvt of fluid from blood to lumen of the nephron
  • only occurs in the “renal corpuscle”
  • where glomeruili and bowman’s capsule allow for bulk flow of fluid
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15
Q

Urine is formed in the nephron in 3 steps

2. Reabsorption

A
  • after filtrate leaves bowmans

- modified by reabsorption - substances in the nephron tubules flow BACK INTO BLOOD

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16
Q

Urine is formed in the nephron in 3 steps

3. Secretion

A
  • continues to remove SELECT molecules from blood and add BACK INTO NEPHRON TUBULE FILTRATE
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17
Q

Identify the main components of the renal corpuscle

A
  • glomerular (bowman’s) capsule
  • glomerulus
  • podocyte on viseral layer of glomerular capsule
  • afferent arteriole (blood in)
  • efferent arteriole (blood out)
  • fenestrae (pores of glomerulus)
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18
Q

Filtration membrane

A
  • inner layer of bowman’s capsule = podocytes
  • intricate interdigiation of pedicels
  • slits [filtration slits or filtration diaphramgms] acts as filters
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19
Q

Explain the filtration slits of the filtration membrane.

A
  • filtration slits are negatively charged
  • serve as barrier to proteins (from plasma 7% to GF 0.03%)
  • mutations in slit proteins causes protein in urine (proteinuria
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20
Q

Proportion of plasma proteins/solutes that enter glomerular filtrate.

A
  • small amounts of plasma proteins filtered

- smaller plasma solutes easily enter GF

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21
Q

What is BHP and what does it do?

A

blood hydrostatic pressure forces blood plasma out of glomerulus and into bowman’s capsule

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22
Q

Daily glomerular filtrate (GF) production.

A
  • 180L/day Men 150L/day in women = entire blood volume filtered every 40 minutes
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23
Q

What is GFR determined by?

A
  • GFR is determined by glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) in glomerular capillaries
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24
Q

How is GFR regulated by BHP?

A
  • GFR is relatively constant at 125mL/min (2 kidneys)
  • GFR is relatively stable to ensure constant flow of GF
  • constant flow allows reabsorption to occur and elimination of waste products
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25
Q

_______ autoregulation of GFR

A

myogenic

26
Q

Explain how GFR is controlled by glomerular blood pressure.

A
  • GFR is stable while BHP changes by the dilation and constriction of blood vessels to the glomerulus
27
Q

What happens to the glomerulus when:

BP increases?

A
  • afferent arteriole constricts
  • efferent arteriole dilates

(prevents too much blood loss to glomerulus

28
Q

What happens to the glomerulus when:

BP decreases

A
  • afferent arteriole dilates

- efferent arteriole constricts

29
Q

Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

A
  • smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole
  • affect dilate/constriction
  • also modulates renal b.p
30
Q

Macula densa (MD) cells

A
  • sensory cells in a region of distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
  • important for proximity of DCT so change in blood pressure by MD cells can be detected
31
Q

Mesangial cells (MC)

A
  • connect the JG to the MD cells via gap junctions

- messenger communication cells

32
Q

Plus sympathetic nerve fibres (SNFs)

A
  • associated with afferent arterioles
  • transducing nerve impulses to tell JG cells to constrict or dilate the arterioles
  • redirects blood from kidney to other organ systems by reducing BHP
33
Q

RAAS

A

renin-angiotensin aldosterone system

34
Q

What is the relationship between RAAS and BP?

A
  • when BP (whole body blood pressure) falls
  • JG cells secrete RENIN into the blood
  • renin acts on angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I
  • ANG I converted to ANGII by ACE (angiotensing converting enzyme)
  • ANGII is a vasoconstrictor
  • BP increases (whole body bp)
35
Q

Renin comes from what organ? and where in RAAS

A
  • kidney
  • JG cells of kidney secrete renin
  • renin acts on angiotensinogen
36
Q

Angiotensinogen: organ and RAAS

A
  • liver
  • renin + angiotensinogen =
  • produces angiotensin I
    (big molecule that breaks down to produce ANG I which is broken down to ANG II)
37
Q

ANGII (BP)

A
  • acts on blood vessels (vasoconstrict when bp is low to increase bp)
38
Q

ACE:

A
  • converts ANG I to ANG II

- comes from lungs

39
Q

What is the role of ANG II in terms of blood volume?

A
  • stimulates aldosterone from the adrental cortex
  • increases salt and water retention by kidneys
  • increased blood volume
40
Q

What are the two roles of angiotenisin II in RAAS?

A
  • increase blood volume by stimulating aldosterone - increasing salt and water retention
  • increase blood pressure (in body) by vasoconstriction of arterioles
41
Q

How does kidney function (RAAS) relate to hypertension and heart attacks?

A
  • commonly prescribe ACE inhibitors

- this prevents increased blood pressure

42
Q

What happens to BLOOD FLOW after the first step (filtration) in the glomerulus (bowman’s capsule)

A
  • blood flows from glomerulus into peritubular capillaries
  • winds around the nephron
  • exchanging (send/draw) of water/solutes into the nephron as needed
43
Q

Explain the step of reabsorption

A

(took too much out, need to put it back into the blood)

  • excess K+ from glomerular filtrate is returned to peritubular capillaries
  • PCT (65% of salt and water from GF) and descending loop of henle (20%)
44
Q

Bank analogy

A

if the bank is glomerulus and you are the blood…

  1. going to the bank to take money out
  2. took too much money out so need to put it back in
  3. need to put money back in or else you will go in debt!
45
Q

Reabsorption on molecular level.

A

water, Na+, K+ moves from PCT cell to peritubular capillaries in 2 routes

  1. paracellular transport
  2. transcellular transport
46
Q

Paracellular transport

A

reabsporption of solutes and water through “tight” junctions of PCT - leaky cells

47
Q

Transcellular transport

A

reabsorption PCT directly through and into peritubular capillary

48
Q

Secretion

A

(if you dont return it back to the bank - GF ya gonna be broke)

  • opposite of reabsoprtion
  • active transport of substances from peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid (against conc. gradient)
  • elimination of wastes from the blood (otherwise too toxic!)
49
Q

Osmolality of different regions of the kidney.

A

glomerular filtrate concentration (mOsmol/L)

  • increases concentration down descending loop of henle
  • decreases up ascending loop of henle
  • and increases in collecting duct
50
Q

What is the loop of Henle

A
  • sets up hyperosmotic environment in renal medulla so that urine concentration can occur
51
Q

the Ascending loop of Henle

A
  • rich in mitochondria
  • salt is actively extruded, sent back into interstitial fluid
  • concentration (osmolality) decrease
  • permeable to salt - salt out
  • impermeable to water (water stays)
52
Q

the Descending loop of Henle

A
  • filtrate is increases concentration as it reaches loop turn
  • water drawn out
  • impermeable to Na
  • permeable to water
53
Q

deepest region of loop of henle in the medulla has ___ osmolality

A
  • very high concentration/osmolality
54
Q

Countercurrent multiplier system.

A
  1. extrusion salt in ASCENDING
  2. permeability of water in DESCENDING
  3. deepest region of meulla most concentrated
55
Q

Collecting ducts

A
  • many nephrons - one collecting duct
  • influenced by ADH (water drawn out of filtrate via osmosis from medullary collecting duct and readsorbed into blood
  • ADH must be present to make urine hyperosmotic (more concentrated than blood)
56
Q

Starting with ADH, what happens in the collecting ducts?

A
  1. ADH binds receptor (from blood to collecting duct cell.
  2. this signals cAMP in the CD cell
  3. moves aquaporin to collecting duct lumen
  4. this helps draw water (absorb) by osmosis into the blood
57
Q

Why doesn’t water entering the interstitial fluid dilate the standing gradient?

A
  • the vasa recta
58
Q

What does the vasa recta do?

A
  • blood vessls associated with nephron loops that maintains standing osmotic gradient
  • vasa recta looops as counter current exchange systems
59
Q

What does countercurrent exchange mean?

A
  • the diffusion of salts and water out of peritubular capillaries change “saltiness” of interstitial fluid
  • diffusion of nacl and osmosis of water (side by side to maintain concentration gradient)
60
Q

How does urine leave the body?

A
  • through the ureters
  • smooth muscle walls peristalsis
  • move urine to bladder
  • backflow prevented with flap valve
61
Q

What should NOT be found in urine?

A
  • protein
  • glucose
  • blood cells
  • Hb
  • bile

BIOM3200 (13 decks)

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