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BIOM3200 > Neuro 3 > Flashcards

Neuro 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS is comprised of __ matter

A

gray and white matter

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2
Q

Gray matter contains:

A
  • neuron cell bodies and dendrites
  • found in cortex (surface layer)
  • deper within the brain in aggregations (nuclei)
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3
Q

White matter consists of:

A
  • axon tracts (myelin sheaths produce the white colour)
  • underlie the cortex
  • surrounds the nuclei
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4
Q

What does meninges mean?

A

the several tough layers of connective tissue

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5
Q

From inside to out, what are the layers of meninges of the brain?

A 
Pia matter
Arachnoid matter
Dura mater
Skull
Scalp
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6
Q

From inside to out, what are the layers of meninges of the spinal cord?

A

Pia matter
Arachnoid matter
Dura mater

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7
Q

Where are the two fluid cushions that provide the brain from head traumas located and what are they called?

A

Outer fluid cushion

  • located SSS - superior sagittal sinus
  • under the dura mater

Inner fluid cushion

  • located SAS - subarachnoid space
  • between arachnoid and pia mater
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8
Q

What’s another word for cavities in the brain?

A

ventricles

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9
Q

What are cavities/ventricles filled with?

A 
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- similar composition to blood plasma
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10
Q

CSF tap?

A
  • sample of CSF examined for signs of disease of the brain and spinal cord (i.e. bacteria, virus, MS)
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11
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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12
Q

What is each nerve composed of?

A
  • sensory and motor fibers

- separate near attachement of nerve to spinal cord

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13
Q

What is the order of the spinal nerves from bottom up?

A
  • Coccygeal (1)
  • Sacral (5)
  • Lumbar (5)
  • Thoracic (12)
  • Cervical (8)
  • Cranial (12)
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14
Q

The spinal cord extends from the ____ to the ___, ending before the _____.

A

brain stem
pelvic region
vertebral column

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15
Q

The nerves enter or leave the spinal cord _______ the vertebrae.

A

in between

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16
Q

What communicates along the length of the spinal cord?

A

interneurons

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17
Q

What is translated up or down the spinal cord by interneurons

A

afferent sensory stimulus

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18
Q

LMN damage reflex will be:

A
  • exaggerated
  • normal
  • DIMINISHED
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19
Q

UMN damage reflex will be

A
  • EXAGGERATED (loss of inhibitory inputs)
  • normal
  • diminished
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20
Q

At week 4 of conception, what does the embryonic brain look like?

A 
3 distinct swellings
from top to bottom:
- prosencephalon (forebrain)
- mesencephalon (midbrain)
- rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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21
Q

By week 5 (2nd month) of conception what are the areas of the embryonic brain modfied to?

A

5 regions

  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • mesencephalon (doesnt change)
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
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22
Q

What does the telencephalon become?

A
  • cerebral hemisphere

- cavity: lateral ventricles

23
Q

What does the diencephalon become?

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • cavity: third ventricle
24
Q

What does the mesencephalon become?

A
  • midbrain

- cavity: aqueduct

25
Q

What does the metencephalon become?

A
  • pons
  • cerebellum
  • cavity: upper portion of 4th ventricle
26
Q

What does the myelencephalon become?

A
  • medulla oblongata

- cavity: lower portion of 4th ventricle

27
Q

The ___ and ___ contain many relay centers for sensory and motor pathways. What are they important for?

A
  • midbrain
  • hindbrain
  • skeletal movements
28
Q

What does the cerebrum consist of and what connects it?

A
  • left and right hemispheres
  • connected by corpus callosum
    (higher level functions of the brain)
29
Q

What are the 5 regions of the cerebrum?

A
  • frontal lobe
  • occipital lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • the insula
30
Q

Functions of the frontal lboe:

A

motor control

31
Q

Functions of the occipital lobe:

A
  • vision

- coordination of eye mvt

32
Q

Functions of the parietal lobe:

A
  • perception of somatesthetic sensation

- sensation arising from cutaneous, muscle, tendon, joint receptors

33
Q

Functions of temporal lobe:

A
  • interpretation and association of auditory and visual info
34
Q

Functions of insula (and what is it)

A
  • region buried deep within the lateral sulcus (division between frontal and temporal lobes)
  • implicated in encoding memory, integration of sensory info with visceral responses
  • olfactory, gustary, auditory, somatosensary info
35
Q

What is cerebral lateralization?

A
  • each hemisphere has different input
  • two hemispheres communicate via corpus callosum
    also known as cerebral dominance or handedness
36
Q

What happens if there is damage to the right hemisphere of the cerebrum?

A
  • difficulty with spacial concepts, maps
37
Q

What happens if there is damage to the left hemisphere of the cerebrum?

A
  • severe speech problems,

- can sing though

38
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A
  • sheet of gray matter tissue that covers the cerebrum
  • divided into L, R hemispheres
  • important: emotion and memory
39
Q

Damage to orbitofrontal area?

A
  • in the prefrontal cerebral cortex
  • damage causes severe impulsive behaviour verging on sociopathic
  • phineas gage
40
Q

Thalamus

A
  • relay centre
  • all sensory info passes on the way to cerebrum
  • promotes alertness
  • causes arousal from sleep
41
Q

Epithalamus

A
  • contains pineal gland
  • secretes melatonin “hormone of darkness”
  • regulates circadian rhythms
42
Q

Where is the thalamus located/consists of?

A

4/5ths of the diencephalon

43
Q

Where is the epithalamus located?

A
  • dorsal segment of diencephalon
44
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

sits above the optic chiasm

- most inferior portion of diencephalon

45
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A
  • site of master clock (SCN_
  • regulates “daily” body processes
  • hunger, thirst, temp
  • hormone secretion from pituitary gland
  • sleep/wake
46
Q

Midbrain is highly concentrated with

A
  • cell bodies of dopaminergic neurons

2 types

47
Q

Dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain (1)

A

Nigrostrial dopamine system

  • motor control
    i. e. parkinsons
48
Q

Dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain (2)

A

Mesolimbic dopamine system

  • emotional reward
  • alcohol, amphetamines, cocaine, marijuana, morphine, promote activity of dopaminergic neurons
  • role in addiction
  • overactivity = schizophrenia
49
Q

Hindbrain - cerebellum: does what

A
  • 2nd largest structure

monitors and refines motor activity initiated elsewhere

50
Q

The cerebellum receives input from ___ and does what?

A

proprioceptors (joint/tendon/muscle receptors)

  • signals from motor areas of cerebral cortex
  • coordination of movement
    i. e. fork to mouth
51
Q

What part of the brain provides communication between spinal cord and brain

A
  • ascending and descending fiber tracts that pass through the medulla - hindbrain
52
Q

What is the medulla required for?

A

regulate breathing and vital centre response

53
Q

Can we attend to all the information being received through all 5 senses simultaneousy?

A

no
attention and awareness is a mental process that helps us concentrate on spcific object/issue and exclude environmental stimuli

54
Q

Courchesne Theory of overstimulation?

A
  • autism
  • antisocial cuz shun external stimuli since cerebellum cannot
  • repetitive behaviour to calm

BIOM3200 (13 decks)

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