Neuro 3

Question 1

The CNS is comprised of __ matter

Answer 1

gray and white matter

Question 2

Gray matter contains:

Answer 2

• neuron cell bodies and dendrites
• found in cortex (surface layer)
• deper within the brain in aggregations (nuclei)

Question 3

White matter consists of:

Answer 3

• axon tracts (myelin sheaths produce the white colour)
• underlie the cortex
• surrounds the nuclei

Question 4

What does meninges mean?

Answer 4

the several tough layers of connective tissue

Question 5

From inside to out, what are the layers of meninges of the brain?

Answer 5

Pia matter
Arachnoid matter
Dura mater
Skull
Scalp

Question 6

From inside to out, what are the layers of meninges of the spinal cord?

Answer 6

Pia matter
Arachnoid matter
Dura mater

Question 7

Where are the two fluid cushions that provide the brain from head traumas located and what are they called?

Answer 7

Outer fluid cushion

• located SSS - superior sagittal sinus
• under the dura mater

Inner fluid cushion

• located SAS - subarachnoid space
• between arachnoid and pia mater

Question 8

What’s another word for cavities in the brain?

Answer 8

ventricles

Question 9

What are cavities/ventricles filled with?

Answer 9

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- similar composition to blood plasma

Question 10

CSF tap?

Answer 10

• sample of CSF examined for signs of disease of the brain and spinal cord (i.e. bacteria, virus, MS)

Question 11

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Answer 11

31

Question 12

What is each nerve composed of?

Answer 12

• sensory and motor fibers

- separate near attachement of nerve to spinal cord

Question 13

What is the order of the spinal nerves from bottom up?

Answer 13

• Coccygeal (1)
• Sacral (5)
• Lumbar (5)
• Thoracic (12)
• Cervical (8)
• Cranial (12)

Question 14

The spinal cord extends from the ____ to the ___, ending before the _____.

Answer 14

brain stem
pelvic region
vertebral column

Question 15

The nerves enter or leave the spinal cord _______ the vertebrae.

Answer 15

in between

Question 16

What communicates along the length of the spinal cord?

Answer 16

interneurons

Question 17

What is translated up or down the spinal cord by interneurons

Answer 17

afferent sensory stimulus

Question 18

LMN damage reflex will be:

Answer 18

• exaggerated
• normal
• DIMINISHED

Question 19

UMN damage reflex will be

Answer 19

• EXAGGERATED (loss of inhibitory inputs)
• normal
• diminished

Question 20

At week 4 of conception, what does the embryonic brain look like?

Answer 20

3 distinct swellings
from top to bottom:
- prosencephalon (forebrain)
- mesencephalon (midbrain)
- rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Question 21

By week 5 (2nd month) of conception what are the areas of the embryonic brain modfied to?

Answer 21

5 regions

• telencephalon
• diencephalon
• mesencephalon (doesnt change)
• metencephalon
• myelencephalon

Question 22

What does the telencephalon become?

Answer 22

• cerebral hemisphere

- cavity: lateral ventricles

Question 23

What does the diencephalon become?

Answer 23

• thalamus
• hypothalamus
• cavity: third ventricle

Question 24

What does the mesencephalon become?

Answer 24

• midbrain

- cavity: aqueduct

Question 25

What does the metencephalon become?

Answer 25

- pons - cerebellum - cavity: upper portion of 4th ventricle

Question 26

What does the myelencephalon become?

Answer 26

- medulla oblongata | - cavity: lower portion of 4th ventricle

Question 27

The ___ and ___ contain many relay centers for sensory and motor pathways. What are they important for?

Answer 27

- midbrain - hindbrain - skeletal movements

Question 28

What does the cerebrum consist of and what connects it?

Answer 28

- left and right hemispheres - connected by corpus callosum (higher level functions of the brain)

Question 29

What are the 5 regions of the cerebrum?

Answer 29

- frontal lobe - occipital lobe - parietal lobe - temporal lobe - the insula

Question 30

Functions of the frontal lboe:

Answer 30

motor control

Question 31

Functions of the occipital lobe:

Answer 31

- vision | - coordination of eye mvt

Question 32

Functions of the parietal lobe:

Answer 32

- perception of somatesthetic sensation | - sensation arising from cutaneous, muscle, tendon, joint receptors

Question 33

Functions of temporal lobe:

Answer 33

- interpretation and association of auditory and visual info

Question 34

Functions of insula (and what is it)

Answer 34

- region buried deep within the lateral sulcus (division between frontal and temporal lobes) - implicated in encoding memory, integration of sensory info with visceral responses - olfactory, gustary, auditory, somatosensary info

Question 35

What is cerebral lateralization?

Answer 35

- each hemisphere has different input - two hemispheres communicate via corpus callosum also known as cerebral dominance or handedness

Question 36

What happens if there is damage to the right hemisphere of the cerebrum?

Answer 36

- difficulty with spacial concepts, maps

Question 37

What happens if there is damage to the left hemisphere of the cerebrum?

Answer 37

- severe speech problems, | - can sing though

Question 38

What is the cerebral cortex?

Answer 38

- sheet of gray matter tissue that covers the cerebrum - divided into L, R hemispheres - important: emotion and memory

Question 39

Damage to orbitofrontal area?

Answer 39

- in the prefrontal cerebral cortex - damage causes severe impulsive behaviour verging on sociopathic - phineas gage

Question 40

Thalamus

Answer 40

- relay centre - all sensory info passes on the way to cerebrum - promotes alertness - causes arousal from sleep

Question 41

Epithalamus

Answer 41

- contains pineal gland - secretes melatonin "hormone of darkness" - regulates circadian rhythms

Question 42

Where is the thalamus located/consists of?

Answer 42

4/5ths of the diencephalon

Question 43

Where is the epithalamus located?

Answer 43

- dorsal segment of diencephalon

Question 44

Where is the hypothalamus?

Answer 44

sits above the optic chiasm | - most inferior portion of diencephalon

Question 45

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 45

- site of master clock (SCN_ - regulates "daily" body processes - hunger, thirst, temp - hormone secretion from pituitary gland - sleep/wake

Question 46

Midbrain is highly concentrated with

Answer 46

- cell bodies of dopaminergic neurons | 2 types

Question 47

Dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain (1)

Answer 47

Nigrostrial dopamine system - motor control i. e. parkinsons

Question 48

Dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain (2)

Answer 48

Mesolimbic dopamine system - emotional reward - alcohol, amphetamines, cocaine, marijuana, morphine, promote activity of dopaminergic neurons - role in addiction - overactivity = schizophrenia

Question 49

Hindbrain - cerebellum: does what

Answer 49

- 2nd largest structure | monitors and refines motor activity initiated elsewhere

Question 50

The cerebellum receives input from ___ and does what?

Answer 50

proprioceptors (joint/tendon/muscle receptors) - signals from motor areas of cerebral cortex - coordination of movement i. e. fork to mouth

Question 51

What part of the brain provides communication between spinal cord and brain

Answer 51

- ascending and descending fiber tracts that pass through the medulla - hindbrain

Question 52

What is the medulla required for?

Answer 52

regulate breathing and vital centre response

Question 53

Can we attend to all the information being received through all 5 senses simultaneousy?

Answer 53

no attention and awareness is a mental process that helps us concentrate on spcific object/issue and exclude environmental stimuli

Question 54

Courchesne Theory of overstimulation?

Answer 54

- autism - antisocial cuz shun external stimuli since cerebellum cannot - repetitive behaviour to calm