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BIOM3200 > Neuro 1 > Flashcards

Neuro 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Brain and spinal cord is which system

A

CNS central nervous system

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2
Q

peripheral nerves and ganglia system name?

A

PNS peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

Functional unit of the nervous system

A

neuron

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4
Q

3 functions of neurons:

A
  1. Conduct “electrical” signals - action potentials
  2. Release “chemical” signals - neurotransmitters
  3. integrate neuronal activity and connections “circuitry”
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5
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons corresponding to their functions?

A
  1. Motor nerves: control mvt
  2. Sensory nerves: detect external stimuli
  3. Association neurons: in CNS responsible for behaviour, thought, emotions …
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6
Q

Dendrites:

A

part of the neuron that RECEIVES info from sensory receptors and sends it to the cell body

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7
Q

Axons:

A

DELIVER electrical signal from cell body TO another neuron / effector organ

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8
Q

A neuron performs the function of moving “_____” rapidly by conducting _____ ______ called action potentials frm one physical location to another, then converting the electrical impulse to _______ _____ at the _____

A
  • information
  • electrical impulse
  • chemical signal
  • synapse
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9
Q

Sensory or Afferent neurons conduct impulses from ______ into ______

A

Sensory receptors (PNS/CNS)
into
CNS
(carry signals TO cns)

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10
Q

_______ are located entirely within the CNS and help integrate CNS functions.

A

Association or interneurons

- sends signals from one neuron to another

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11
Q

Motor or Efferent neurons conduct impulses from ____ out of the _____ to _____

A

sensory receptors (CNS/PNS)
out of the CNS
to effector organs like muscles or glands (PNS)
(carry signals FROM cns)

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12
Q

What type of neuron has reflex and voluntary control of skeletal muscles?

A

somatic motor neurons

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13
Q

What type of neuron has involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?

A

autonomic motor neurons

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14
Q

What type of neuron is further subdivided as sympathetic and parasympathetic?

A

autonomic neurons

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15
Q

What are 4 types of neurons corresponding to their structure?

A
  1. pseudopolar (unipolar): sensory, 1 process that splits
  2. bipolar: retinal and chochlear, 2 processes
  3. multipolar: most common, motor association, many dendrites but one axon
  4. anaxonic: some CNS neurons, no obvious axon
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16
Q

What are 2 supporting cells of the PNS?

A
  1. Schwann cells: form myelin sheaths around PNS axon

2. Satellite cells: support cell bodies with ganglia of PNS

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17
Q

What are 4 supporting cells of the CNS?

A
  1. oligodendrocytes: form myelin sheaths around CNS axon
  2. microglia: migrate through CNS and phagoytose debris
  3. astrocyte: regulate external environment
  4. ependymal cells: line ventrical cavities of brain and spinal cord
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18
Q

Schwann cells of the PNS are similar to ____ of the CNS.

How are they different?

A

oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann cell wraps one axon
CNS: One oligodendrocyte forms myelin sheaths around several axons

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19
Q

Astrocytes are ____ cells.

A 
Glial cells (insulate and support)
- most abundant nervous tissue in the brain
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20
Q

Processes of astrocytes 1/7.

A
  • K+ taken from ECF
  • diffused from neurons durig impulse
  • maintain proper ionic environment
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21
Q

Processes of astrocytes 2/7.

A
  • take up NT glutamate
  • convert to glutamine
  • release back to neuron
  • reform glutamate
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22
Q

Processes of astrocytes 3/7.

A
  • end feet surround blood capillaries
  • take up glucose
  • metabolize to lactate
  • use for energy (ATP) aerobic
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23
Q

Processes of astrocytes 4/7.

A
  • formation of synapses in CNS
24
Q

Processes of astrocytes 5/7.

A
  • regulate neurogenesis in adult brain

- stem cell diffferentiation (glial and neuronal)

25
Q

Processes of astrocytes 6/7.

A

formation blood brain barrier

26
Q

Processes of astrocytes 7/7.

A
  • release NT

- stimulate/inhibit activity of neurons

27
Q

What is the structure/function of the blood brain barrier?

A
  • capillaries in the brain do NOT have pores between endothelial cells of the capillary walls
  • tight junctions
  • control what moves between blood plasma and the brain
28
Q

What moves easily through the BBB?

A
  • non polar mol: O2, CO2

- organic mol: alcohol, barbituates (CNS depressants)

29
Q

What type of brain cell aids the structure and function of the BBB?

A
  • astrocytes influence structure and function (regulation)
30
Q

Alcohol is a _____ _____ that directly affects brain cells. How so/what?

A
  • CNS depressant
  • inhibits behaviour: animated, talkative, social
  • altered speech, slow rxn, foggy memory
  • related to genetics, dose, size, weight gender etc
31
Q

Nicotine influence on brain?

A
  • <10 sec to cross BBB
  • fits (lock/key) of Ach NT receptor
  • increases other NT like dopamine
  • increases other NT like: dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
  • increases other NT because other components decrease MAO enzyme activity
32
Q

NO and NMDA with BBB?

A

acetominophin (tylenol)

  • inhibition of NO (NT)
  • receptors NMDA
33
Q

Drugs to treat neurodegenerative disorders (can/cannot) pass through BBB!

A

cannot

i.e. parkinsons and alzheimers

34
Q

What is the relation between treating rabies and the BBB?

A
  • immediate treatment necessary
  • rabies (virus) runs in the blood stream and treat with immune cells/drugs/antibodies to fight
  • once it crosses the BBB immune cells and drugs cannot pass
35
Q

Two divisions of the autonomic nervious system.

A
  • somatic

- autonomic

36
Q

Somatic nervous system sends signals from where to where?

A
  • CNS (spinal cord) to effector skeletal muscle
37
Q

How many neurons does it take to send signal from CNS to effector for somatic?

A
  • one neuron
38
Q

Somatic neurons are excitatory and/or inhibitor

A

excitatory only

39
Q

Somatic neurons are fast/slow conducting?

A

fast conducting

- all myelinated

40
Q

Autonomic motor nervous system involves which effector organs?

A
  • cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
41
Q

How many neurons does it take to go from CNS to effector cell for autonomic?

A
  • 2 neurons
  • preganglionic
  • post ganglionic
    (in between is the autonomic ganglion when the ends touch)
42
Q

Autonomic motor neurons excitatory/inhibitory?

A
  • excitatory or inhibitory
43
Q

Autonomic motor neurons are slow/fast?

A
  • slow conducting
  • preganglionic slightly myelinated but thin
  • post ganglionic fibres are not myelinated and thin
44
Q

Two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • parasympathetic PSNS

- sympathetic SNS

45
Q

Most organs receive input from both systems, but the response is ___

A
  • opposing responses in effector organs of PSNS and SNS
46
Q

Which organs of the autonomic nervous system do not have dual innervation?

A
  • adrenal medulla
  • arrector pili muscles (hair stand)
  • sweat gland
  • most blood vessels
47
Q

All preganglionic fibres of the autonomic system (PSNS and SNS) release what neurotransmitters?

A
  • acetylcholine
  • therefore
    cholinergic nerves
48
Q

What NT are released for post-synaptic nerves of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • ACh (cholinergic) for parasympathetic (rest and digest)

- NE / E (adrenergic) for sympathetic (fight or flight - adrenaline rush)

49
Q

ACh and NE bind (same/different) receptors?

A

different

50
Q

What is an example of a disease that causes autonomic nervous system dysfunction?

A

Lyme disease

a type of of dysautonomia

51
Q

Bacteria of lyme diesease?

A

Spirochetes

52
Q

How is lyme disease spread?

A
  • tick bites

- bite at adult stage feed on humans

53
Q

What causes the circular lesion of the skin?

A
  • immune response in which neutrophils cannot get in (fail to appear)
54
Q

Why can’t neutrophils get in?

A

the saliva disrupts the immune response by preventing the neutrophils to get in
- therefore spirochetes bacteria multiplies

55
Q

Where can the bacteria spread to?

A
  • bloodstream, joins, nervous system, skin far away from lesion
56
Q

What is synesthesia?

A
  • perceiving one sense simultaneously with an additional sense

BIOM3200 (13 decks)

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