Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOM3200 > Digestive 1 > Flashcards

Digestive 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is digestion?

A
  • breakdown of ingested food
  • absorption of nutrients into the blood
  • concentration and removal of waste products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is metabolism?

A
  • production of cellular energy (ATP)

- regulation of cellular activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are two functional groups of organs?

A
  • alimentary canal (continuous hollow tube)

- accessory digestive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Structures of alimentary canal

A 
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Structures of accessory organs

A

salivary glands
liver
gall bladder
pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

6 functions of salivary glands

A
  • lubrication/binding
  • solubilization of dry food
  • oral hygiene - flushes away debris
  • begins starch digestion (salviary amylases)
  • alkaline buffering
  • evaporative cooling (dogs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mastication

A
  • chewing food
  • add salivary amylases
  • with teeth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Types of teeth

A
  • incisors: rip, cut
  • canines: tear, pierce
  • premolars: grind, shear
  • molars: grind
  • teeth are the hardest structures in the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many teeth do we have?

A 
- 20 primary deciduous (baby)
32 secondary (permanent)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Deglutition

what does this involve

A

swallowing

  • oral, pharyngeal, esophageal
  • requires 25 pairs of muscles in the mouth, pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus muscles are innervated by

A

somatic motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Middle and lower esophagus muscles are innervated by

A

autonomic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the esophagus

A
  • a muscular tube of 25cm
  • connects pharynx to stomach
  • passes through diaphragm
  • mobilizes food by peristalsis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

food moves by a wave like muscular contraction (involuntary control) so it doesnt come out
- peristaltic contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The stomach has ____ muscle layers

A

smooth muscle layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What direction do the muscles of the stomach run

A
  • longitudinal: length of the organ
  • circular: around the organ
  • oblique direction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why are the muscles of the stomach arranged perpendicularly?

A
  • to provide complex motility

- mix and mechanically break up food in stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the mucosal region of the stomach contain?

A
  • gastric pits

- gastric glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are gastric pits?

A
  • openings of gastric glands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do the gastric glands consist of (cells)?

A

from top to bottom:
- mucous cell
parietal cell
- chief cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What doe mucous cells secrete?

A

mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What doe parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl, intrinsic factor (B12 - essential for life)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What doe chief (zymogenic) cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why can’t the stomach digest itself

A

mucousal layer protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are erosions of mucosa in the stomach called/lead to?

A
  • peptic ulcers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What causes peptic ulcers?

A

helicobacter pylori

- breaks down the mucosal layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does pepsinogen HCl do?

A
  • presence of HCl, inactive pepsinogen is activated to pepsin
  • pepsin digests peptides (ingested proteins)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the duodenum?

A
  • first 25 cm of the small intestine
  • mucous secretion
  • receives pancreatic secretions and bile from liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the jejunum?

A
  • 1m in length

- numerous fold and villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What isthe ileum?

A
  • last 2m
  • fewer folds/villi than jejunum
  • absorbs primarily bile salts, water, electrolytes
  • contains Peyer’s Patches (aggregates of lymph nodes
  • empties into the large intestine via ileocecal valve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where is chyme located/found?

A
  • pyloric sphincter (stomach to duodenum)
33
Q

What is needed in the pyloric sphincter before things reach the duodenum?

A
  • alkaline bile from liver

- neutralize the acidic stomach

34
Q

What are the microvilli?

A
  • formed by foldings at apical surface of each epithelial cell membrane
35
Q

What are villi covered with?

A
  • columnar epithelial cells
36
Q

What do goblet cells secrete?

A

mucus

small intestine: villi

37
Q

What are epithelial cells at the tip of the villi replaced with when they are sloughed off?

A

new cells from the intestinal crypts (crypts of Lieberkuhn)

38
Q

Where are Paneth cells located and what do they do?

A
  • base of crypts

- secrete antibacterial molecules (lysozyme, antimicrobial peptides) protect the intestine from inflammation

39
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

on the lumenal side of the small intestine has enzymes
digests what it comes in contact with
note microvilli are not villi

40
Q

What is the importance of bacterial colonies? and where?

A
  • in the large intestine (colon)

- plays essential role in digestive processes

41
Q

Good bacteria vs pathogenic bacteria?

A
  • good outcompetes bad
  • pathogenic bacteria takes over
  • colon reacts
  • elimanate colon content and sloughing off colon epithelium
    = diarrhea
42
Q

Where is the appendix located?

A
  • small component of the colon at the cecum
43
Q

Does the appendix aid in digestion?

A

no, but it has lymph vessels

44
Q

What is it called when the appendix is inflamed?

A
  • appendicitis

- pain in lower quadrant of abdomen

45
Q

Ruptured appendix can cause inflammation in the peritoneal cavity called

A

peritonitis

releasing bacteria to your insides

46
Q

What is an example of mutualism in the digestive system?

A 
intestinal microbiota (10x more than human cells)
also commensalism
47
Q

When is intestinal microbiota formed?

A

originates at birth

48
Q

How does gut bacteria regulate happinnes in humans?

A
  • seretonin hormone (changes with stress, anxiety, depression)
  • major target of clinical antidepressants
49
Q

What is the composition of gut microbiome linked to in terms of your health?

A
  • immune system development

- onset of metabolic diseases such as obesity

50
Q

What influences your gut microbiome?

A

your diet

51
Q

What is abonormal microbiota called?

A

dystbiotic microbiota

- treat by changing diet, fecal translplants etc

52
Q

What types of cells does the liver made up of?

A

hepatic cells lining sinusoids (large capillaries)

53
Q

What are sinusoids? What are they lined by? What cells do they contain?

A

large capillaries

  • endothelial cells (blood vessels)
  • Kupffer cells (phagocytes)
54
Q

What is a cool capability of the liver?

A

regenerative capabilities

- 2/3 removed, regenerate within a week (rodents)

55
Q

What are the 2 blood inputs to the liver?

A
  • portal vein (intestines) -major source of blood

- hepatic artery (from heart)

56
Q

What is the endocrine function of the liver?

A
  • enzymes and hormones of the liver work

- output - sent to hepatic vein and back to heart so nutrients can unload there and pump to whole body

57
Q

2 exocrine regions of the liver?

A
  • left and right hepatic ducts
58
Q

Where is bile made?

A

liver

59
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

gallbladder

60
Q

Where do R/L hepatic ducts meet?

A
  • meet up wtih the cystic duct from the gall bladder (where bile is stored)
61
Q

What do the R/L hepatic ducts + cystic duct form?

A

common bile duct

62
Q

What are 5 functions of the liver?

A
  • detoxification of the blood
  • carbohydrate metabolism
  • lipid metabolism
  • protein synthesis
  • secretion of bile
63
Q

What is the association of bilirubin with liver/ how is it formed?

A

hemoglobing -> heme -> (minus Fe2+) -> bilverdin -> bilrubin -> liver -> conjugated bilirubin -> excreted in bile in feces

64
Q

What is bilirubin carried in the blood by?

A

albumin proteins taken up by the liver

65
Q

What is bilirubin mixed with in the liver? Why is this important?

A

glucaronic acid = water soluble and can be secreted into bile

66
Q

In the intestine what is the water soluble conjugated bilirubin into? Final product?

A

urobilinogen

  • then removed in the feces
  • some re-enters the circulation and excreted by kidneys
67
Q

What is the gallbladder and function?

A
  • sac like organ attached to the inferior surface of the liver
  • stores and concentrates bile from the liver
68
Q

What are gall stones?

A
  • common

- mineral deposits that produce painful symptoms by obstructing the bile ducts

69
Q

How are gall stones removed?

A
  • surgery (remove the gallbladder) cuz u dont need it to produce bile
  • oral ingestion of bile acids
  • fragmentation by high energy shock waves
70
Q

Pancreatic juices have 3 common enzymes:

A

amylase
trypsin
lipase

71
Q

What does amylase do? (in pancreatic juice)

A

digests starch

72
Q

What does trypsin do? (in pancreatic juice)

A

digests proteins

73
Q

What does lipase do? (in pancreatic juice)

A

digests triglycerides

74
Q

What enzymes does digestion require?

A
  • pancreatic enzymes

- brush border enzymes

75
Q

How do brush border enzymes work/ what do they act on?

A
  • activates the inactive form of pancreatic enzyme trypsin
76
Q

What is trypsin?

A
  • protease that can activate other pancreatic enzymes
77
Q

The pancreas is both a ___ and ___

A

endocrine gland

digestive organ

78
Q

How is the pancreas an endocrine gland?

A
  • pancreatic islets of langerhans

- makes hormones (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin)

79
Q

How is the pancreas a digestive organ?

A

secretes digestive enzymes destined for the small intestine

- enzymes that digest: chyme, carbs, proteins, lipids

BIOM3200 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions