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BIOM3200 > Digestive 1 > Flashcards

Digestive 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is digestion?

A
  • breakdown of ingested food
  • absorption of nutrients into the blood
  • concentration and removal of waste products
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2
Q

What is metabolism?

A
  • production of cellular energy (ATP)

- regulation of cellular activities

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3
Q

What are two functional groups of organs?

A
  • alimentary canal (continuous hollow tube)

- accessory digestive organs

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4
Q

Structures of alimentary canal

A 
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus
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5
Q

Structures of accessory organs

A

salivary glands
liver
gall bladder
pancreas

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6
Q

6 functions of salivary glands

A
  • lubrication/binding
  • solubilization of dry food
  • oral hygiene - flushes away debris
  • begins starch digestion (salviary amylases)
  • alkaline buffering
  • evaporative cooling (dogs)
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7
Q

Mastication

A
  • chewing food
  • add salivary amylases
  • with teeth
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8
Q

Types of teeth

A
  • incisors: rip, cut
  • canines: tear, pierce
  • premolars: grind, shear
  • molars: grind
  • teeth are the hardest structures in the body
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9
Q

How many teeth do we have?

A 
- 20 primary deciduous (baby)
32 secondary (permanent)
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10
Q

Deglutition

what does this involve

A

swallowing

  • oral, pharyngeal, esophageal
  • requires 25 pairs of muscles in the mouth, pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus
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11
Q

Mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus muscles are innervated by

A

somatic motor neurons

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12
Q

Middle and lower esophagus muscles are innervated by

A

autonomic neurons

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13
Q

What is the esophagus

A
  • a muscular tube of 25cm
  • connects pharynx to stomach
  • passes through diaphragm
  • mobilizes food by peristalsis
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14
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

food moves by a wave like muscular contraction (involuntary control) so it doesnt come out
- peristaltic contraction

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15
Q

The stomach has ____ muscle layers

A

smooth muscle layers

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16
Q

What direction do the muscles of the stomach run

A
  • longitudinal: length of the organ
  • circular: around the organ
  • oblique direction
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17
Q

Why are the muscles of the stomach arranged perpendicularly?

A
  • to provide complex motility

- mix and mechanically break up food in stomach

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18
Q

What does the mucosal region of the stomach contain?

A
  • gastric pits

- gastric glands

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19
Q

What are gastric pits?

A
  • openings of gastric glands
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20
Q

What do the gastric glands consist of (cells)?

A

from top to bottom:
- mucous cell
parietal cell
- chief cell

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21
Q

What doe mucous cells secrete?

A

mucus

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22
Q

What doe parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl, intrinsic factor (B12 - essential for life)

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23
Q

What doe chief (zymogenic) cells secrete?

A

pepsinogen

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24
Q

Why can’t the stomach digest itself

A

mucousal layer protection

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25
What are erosions of mucosa in the stomach called/lead to?
- peptic ulcers
26
What causes peptic ulcers?
helicobacter pylori | - breaks down the mucosal layer
27
What does pepsinogen HCl do?
- presence of HCl, inactive pepsinogen is activated to pepsin - pepsin digests peptides (ingested proteins)
28
What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?
- duodenum - jejunum - ileum
29
What is the duodenum?
- first 25 cm of the small intestine - mucous secretion - receives pancreatic secretions and bile from liver
30
What is the jejunum?
- 1m in length | - numerous fold and villi
31
What isthe ileum?
- last 2m - fewer folds/villi than jejunum - absorbs primarily bile salts, water, electrolytes - contains Peyer's Patches (aggregates of lymph nodes - empties into the large intestine via ileocecal valve
32
Where is chyme located/found?
- pyloric sphincter (stomach to duodenum)
33
What is needed in the pyloric sphincter before things reach the duodenum?
- alkaline bile from liver | - neutralize the acidic stomach
34
What are the microvilli?
- formed by foldings at apical surface of each epithelial cell membrane
35
What are villi covered with?
- columnar epithelial cells
36
What do goblet cells secrete?
mucus | small intestine: villi
37
What are epithelial cells at the tip of the villi replaced with when they are sloughed off?
new cells from the intestinal crypts (crypts of Lieberkuhn)
38
Where are Paneth cells located and what do they do?
- base of crypts | - secrete antibacterial molecules (lysozyme, antimicrobial peptides) protect the intestine from inflammation
39
What do microvilli do?
on the lumenal side of the small intestine has enzymes digests what it comes in contact with note microvilli are not villi
40
What is the importance of bacterial colonies? and where?
- in the large intestine (colon) | - plays essential role in digestive processes
41
Good bacteria vs pathogenic bacteria?
- good outcompetes bad - pathogenic bacteria takes over - colon reacts - elimanate colon content and sloughing off colon epithelium = diarrhea
42
Where is the appendix located?
- small component of the colon at the cecum
43
Does the appendix aid in digestion?
no, but it has lymph vessels
44
What is it called when the appendix is inflamed?
- appendicitis | - pain in lower quadrant of abdomen
45
Ruptured appendix can cause inflammation in the peritoneal cavity called
peritonitis | releasing bacteria to your insides
46
What is an example of mutualism in the digestive system?
``` intestinal microbiota (10x more than human cells) also commensalism ```
47
When is intestinal microbiota formed?
originates at birth
48
How does gut bacteria regulate happinnes in humans?
- seretonin hormone (changes with stress, anxiety, depression) - major target of clinical antidepressants
49
What is the composition of gut microbiome linked to in terms of your health?
- immune system development | - onset of metabolic diseases such as obesity
50
What influences your gut microbiome?
your diet
51
What is abonormal microbiota called?
dystbiotic microbiota | - treat by changing diet, fecal translplants etc
52
What types of cells does the liver made up of?
hepatic cells lining sinusoids (large capillaries)
53
What are sinusoids? What are they lined by? What cells do they contain?
large capillaries - endothelial cells (blood vessels) - Kupffer cells (phagocytes)
54
What is a cool capability of the liver?
regenerative capabilities | - 2/3 removed, regenerate within a week (rodents)
55
What are the 2 blood inputs to the liver?
- portal vein (intestines) -major source of blood | - hepatic artery (from heart)
56
What is the endocrine function of the liver?
- enzymes and hormones of the liver work | - output - sent to hepatic vein and back to heart so nutrients can unload there and pump to whole body
57
2 exocrine regions of the liver?
- left and right hepatic ducts
58
Where is bile made?
liver
59
Where is bile stored?
gallbladder
60
Where do R/L hepatic ducts meet?
- meet up wtih the cystic duct from the gall bladder (where bile is stored)
61
What do the R/L hepatic ducts + cystic duct form?
common bile duct
62
What are 5 functions of the liver?
- detoxification of the blood - carbohydrate metabolism - lipid metabolism - protein synthesis - secretion of bile
63
What is the association of bilirubin with liver/ how is it formed?
hemoglobing -> heme -> (minus Fe2+) -> bilverdin -> bilrubin -> liver -> conjugated bilirubin -> excreted in bile in feces
64
What is bilirubin carried in the blood by?
albumin proteins taken up by the liver
65
What is bilirubin mixed with in the liver? Why is this important?
glucaronic acid = water soluble and can be secreted into bile
66
In the intestine what is the water soluble conjugated bilirubin into? Final product?
urobilinogen - then removed in the feces - some re-enters the circulation and excreted by kidneys
67
What is the gallbladder and function?
- sac like organ attached to the inferior surface of the liver - stores and concentrates bile from the liver
68
What are gall stones?
- common | - mineral deposits that produce painful symptoms by obstructing the bile ducts
69
How are gall stones removed?
- surgery (remove the gallbladder) cuz u dont need it to produce bile - oral ingestion of bile acids - fragmentation by high energy shock waves
70
Pancreatic juices have 3 common enzymes:
amylase trypsin lipase
71
What does amylase do? (in pancreatic juice)
digests starch
72
What does trypsin do? (in pancreatic juice)
digests proteins
73
What does lipase do? (in pancreatic juice)
digests triglycerides
74
What enzymes does digestion require?
- pancreatic enzymes | - brush border enzymes
75
How do brush border enzymes work/ what do they act on?
- activates the inactive form of pancreatic enzyme trypsin
76
What is trypsin?
- protease that can activate other pancreatic enzymes
77
The pancreas is both a ___ and ___
endocrine gland | digestive organ
78
How is the pancreas an endocrine gland?
- pancreatic islets of langerhans | - makes hormones (insulin, glucagon, somatostatin)
79
How is the pancreas a digestive organ?
secretes digestive enzymes destined for the small intestine | - enzymes that digest: chyme, carbs, proteins, lipids

BIOM3200 (13 decks)

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