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BIOM3200 > Cardio-Resp 1&2 > Flashcards

Cardio-Resp 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the distribution of blood within the circulatory system at rest?

A

Veins 60-70%

  • venous system functions as a reservoir
  • blood is added to circulation under appropriate conditions (moves around with exercise)
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2
Q

Properties of veins

A
  • veins can expand and accumulate additional blood (2mmHg)

- arteries have resistance to flow of blood from heart (100mmHg)

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3
Q

How is low venous pressure in the blood over come to return blood to the heart?
- in lower limbs

A
  • skeletal muscle groups provide contractions

- “skeletal muscle pump”

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4
Q

How is low venous pressure in the blood over come to return blood to the heart?
-abdominal and thoracic

A
  • breathing
  • contraction of diaphram
  • pressure in abdomen

these squeeze veins and return to heart

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5
Q

One way flow in veins

A
  • venous valves

- one way to the heart, not reverse

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6
Q

When bp increases…
-arteries ___
-ventricles ____.
+ vice versa

A

bp incr:

  • arteries expand
  • ventricles contract

bp decr

  • arteries recoil
  • ventricles relax
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7
Q

Elastic recoil drives blood during

A

-diastolic phase when heart is resting and not providing pressure

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8
Q

in capillaries, vasoconstriction/vasodilation ___/__ as blood flow

A

constriction:
decrease
dilation
increases

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9
Q

Blood flow =

A

driving force / resistance

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10
Q

Resistance depends on (3 things)

A
  • blood vessel length
  • viscosity
  • blood vessel radius
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11
Q

Vessel radius

A

radius incr = resistance decr = blood flow decr

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12
Q

Vessel radius is regulated by

A

smooth muscle contraction/relaxation

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13
Q

Air passageway order

A
  • nasal/oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchus
  • lungs (bronchial trees, terminal bronchioles)
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14
Q

Conducting zone includes

A

-trachea, bronchus, lungs

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15
Q

Respiratory zone includes

A
  • terminal bronchiole
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar sacs
  • alveolus
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16
Q

Bronchioles pass _____ alveoli

A

between

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17
Q

Alveoli have ____

A

pores which air can pass from one alveolus to the next

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18
Q

4 physical properties of the lungs

A
  1. inspiration and compliance
  2. expiration and elasticity
  3. surface tension
  4. lung volume and capacities
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19
Q

Inspiration and compliance

A
  • breathing in

- lungs ability to expand when stretched

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20
Q

High compliance means

A

distensibility, stretchability, ease of the lungs to expand under pressure

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21
Q

Lung compliance =

equation

A

= change in lung volume / change in transpulmonary pressure

= dV / dP

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22
Q

Lung disease____ (incr/decr.) compliance

A

reduces - anything that provides resitance to distension

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23
Q

Expiration and Elasticity

A

breathing out

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24
Q

For expiration to occur, the lungs get ______, when tension is released

A

smaller

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25
Q

Elasticity

A

tendency of structure to return to initial size after being distended

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26
Q

lung is high in _______

Therefore, are very elastic and resist distension

A

elastin proteins

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27
Q

Lungs are stuck to ______. Therefore, are always in a state of _______.

A
  • lungs stuck to chest wall

- always in a state of elastic tension

28
Q

Tension (incr/decr) during inspiration when lungs are (stretched/relaxed) and is ______ by elastic recoil during expiration

A
  • tension increases during inspiration
  • lungs stretched
  • reduced by elastic recoil during expiration
29
Q

Lungs most be ___ in order to inflate

A
  • the lungs cannot inflate unless they are attached to the inner wall of the chest cavity
  • you can ventilate but if chest is wounded, lung will not inflate
30
Q

Attachement of outer lung surface to inner surface of chest cavity is:

A

-made with membranes called pleural membranes

31
Q

Pleural membranes

A
  • one membrane layer attached to surface of lung

- one membrane layer attached to inner wall of chest cavity

32
Q

Pleural fluid

A
  • PM produces mucous-rich lubricating fluid into the space between the two membranes - called pleural space (helps lung friction)
  • Pleural fluid holds two membranes together
  • lubricant that allows lungs to slide easily within thoracic cavity as inflate and deflate
33
Q

As size of thoracic cavity changes,

A

so does volume of the lungs

due to the pleural fluid that holds the two pleural membranes together

34
Q

Surface tension

A

is exerted by fluid in alveoli

35
Q

Fluid contains ____.

A

Surfactant

36
Q

Surfactant:

A

a mixture of phospholipids and hydrophobic surfactant proteins, secreted into the alveoli by type II alveolar cells

37
Q

Surfactant ____ surface tension in the alveoli, which ____ alveoli from _____ during expiration

A
  • lowers surface tension in alveoli

- which prevents alveoli from collapsing during expiration

38
Q

Alveoli have tendency to _____.

Surfactant _____ _____.

A
  • collapse

- prevents collapse

39
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A
  • surfactant is produced late in fetal life
  • pre-mature babies born with lungs that lack surfactant and alveoli collapse as a result
  • can inject surfactant to induce alveoli ability to take oxygen
40
Q

Tidal volume

A

volume of gas inspired or expired in UNFORCED respiratory cycle

41
Q

Inspiratory reserve

A

max vol of gas that can be inspired during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume

42
Q

Expiratory reserve

A

max vol of gas that can be expired during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume

43
Q

Residual volume

A

vol of gas remaining in lungs after max expiration

44
Q

Total lung capacity

A

total amount of gas in lungs after a max inspiration

45
Q

Vital capacity

A

max amnt of gas expired after a max inspiration

46
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

max amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume

47
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

amount of gas remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal epiration

48
Q

Anatomical Dead space

A

Dead volume
- where no gas exchange occurs
-nose, mouth, laryn, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
~150mL *use this for calculations

49
Q

Hemoglobin

A

contains iron and present in cytoplasm of RBC

50
Q

Hb properties

A
  • chemically combine with O2
  • release gas when cells need it
  • Hb acts as O2 shuttle from lungs to body tissues (and CO2 shuttle)
51
Q

Role of Co2 in regulating binding of O2 with hemoglobin

In lungs

A
  • CO2 diffuse from blood to alveoli and blood CO2 levels are low
  • reduce acidity of blood in lungs
  • high pH
52
Q

Role of CO2 in regulating binding with O2 with hemoglobin

In tissues

A
  • blood CO2 levels high because the cells produce gas as an excretory product
  • O2 levels are low because it is being used by cells
  • increase acidity of blood in tissues
  • low pH
53
Q

Acidity of the plasma determines ____

A

whether

O2 combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin at low acidity (high pH in lungs)

or

O2 released from oxyhemoglobin at high acidity (lower pH in tissues)

54
Q

O2 uptake in the lungs

A
  • o2 dissolved into lining fluid film of alveoli
    -diffuse through walls of alveoli and blood capillaries into plasm
    -o2 diffuse into RBC
  • combine chemically with Hb
    = oxyhemoglobin
    (CO2 levels in lungs are low therefore formation occurs here)
55
Q

O2 release in tissues

A
  • O2 released from oxyhemoglobin
  • diffuse into body tissues
  • disassociation of Hb and O2 occurs in tissue because Co2 levels in body are high (pH decrease, more acidic)
56
Q

What is the enzyme involved in CO2 to H2CO2

A

carbonic anhydrase

57
Q

Diving

total atmospheric pressure _____ as you go down below sea level

A
  • increases
58
Q

What happens to the pressure and gas in a divers body as they go down below sea level?

A
  • partial pressure and amount of dissolved gas in blood plasma increases proportionally to water level decreasing
  • increased nitrogen and oxygen dissolved in blood plasma causes serious negative effects on body
59
Q

Free diving adaptations (4 things)

A

Mammalian diving reflex

  • drop in heart rate (bradycardia)
  • vasoconstriction (blood shuttled away from limbs to benefit heart, lungs, brain)
  • spleen releases RBCs carrying O2 (reservoir tapped into when needed)
  • blood shift (plasma fills up lung BVs)
60
Q

SCUBA divers have air tanks, explain this concept.

A
  • it is impossible to breath unpressurized air (i.e. just through a tube) below 3 feet under water
  • therefore you need a pressurized regulator
  • gas mix avoids O2 toxicity, but less than normal nitrogen gas levels to reduce nitrogen narcosis and decompression sickness
61
Q

Decompression sickness

A
  • divers ASCEND slowly so large amounts of nitrogen can diffuse through alveoli and be eliminated through expiration
  • if too fast, N2 gas bubbles form in tissues and enter blood
  • this blocks small blood channels producing pain and damage
62
Q

Treatment to decompression sickness

A

hyperbaric oxygen therapy

  • normal blood o2 conc = 0.2 - 0.3 mL O2/100mL
  • treat with 100% O2 at 3ATM pressure to raise the plasma concentration to 6mL O2/100 ml
  • use pure oxygen to flush nitrogen out of the tissues
63
Q

Atmosphere

A

-thinner with increasing altitude
@ sea level, % oxyhemoglobin saturation is 97%
at mount everest peak at 8848m/29029ft 58% oxyhemoglobin saturation

64
Q

Acute mountain sickenss

A

~5000 ft

  • headache - low arterial pressure stimulates vasodilation increasing blood flow and pressure in skull
  • balanced with hypocapnia (produced by hyperventilation) causes cerebral vasoconstriction
  • pulmonary edema, shortness of breath (9000ft)
  • cerebral edema (10,000ft)
65
Q

How do people living at high altitudes adapt?

A
  • higher Hb in blood

- increased diameter of blood vessels

BIOM3200 (13 decks)

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